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2007 in spaceflight – Introduction

2007 contained several significant events in spaceflight, including a Chinese ASAT test, the launches of the US Phoenix and Dawn missions to study Mars and Asteroid belt respectively, Japan’s Kaguya Lunar orbiter, and the first Chinese Lunar probe, Chang’e 1. The internationally accepted definition of a spaceflight is any flight which crosses the Kármán line, [...]

Space probe – Introduction

space probe is a scientific space exploration mission in which a robotic spacecraft leaves the gravity well of Earth and approaches the Moon or enters interplanetary or interstellar space (see list of probes by operational status for a list of active probes); The space agencies of the USSR (now Russia and Ukraine), the United States, [...]

1972 in science – Astronomy and space exploration

* January 5 – President of the United States Richard Nixon orders the development of a space shuttle program. * February 4 – Mariner 9 sends pictures from Mars * February 21 – The Soviet unmanned spacecraft Luna 20 lands on the Moon. * March 2 – Launch of Pioneer 10 spacecraft. * April 16 [...]

Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory – History

The observatory was originally named ”Deep Space Station 51” and was built in 1961 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In this role the station assisted in tracking many unmanned United States space missions, including the Ranger, Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter spacecraft (which landed on the Moon or mapped it from orbit), the [...]

Babylonian astronomy – Neo-Babylonian astronomy

Astronomy

Neo-Babylonian astronomy refers to the astronomy developed by Chaldean astronomers during the Neo-Babylonian, Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Parthian periods of Mesopotamian history. A significant increase in the quality and frequency of Babylonian observations appeared during the reign of Nabonassar (747–734 BC), who founded the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The systematic records of ominous phenomena in astronomical diaries that [...]

Amateur astronomy – Amateur astronomy objectives

Astronomy

Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Moon, planets, stars, comets, meteor showers, and a variety of deep sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae. Many amateurs like to specialise in observing particular objects, types of objects, or types of events which [...]

Esteban Terradas i Illa – Works

Celestial Mechanics

In (1910) he published “Discrete elements of matter and radiation”, “Corrientes marinas” (1941) and, to gain entry to the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language, the volume “Neologismos, arcanismos in plàtica de ingenieros” (1946). As an encyclopedist, he authored several articles in the Espasa Encyclopedia, including those on Celestial Mechanics, the Moon and relativity. Adapted [...]

1966 in science – Astronomy and space exploration

Space Astronomy

* February 3 – The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft makes the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon. * March 1 – Venera 3 Soviet space probe crashes on Venus becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet’s surface. * March 31 – The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the [...]

1964 in science – Astronomy and space exploration

Space Astronomy

* March 20 – The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962. * July 31 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the Moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound telescopes). [...]

Orbital mechanics – Introduction

Astrodynamics

Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from Newton’s laws of motion and Newton’s law of universal gravitation. It is a core discipline within space mission design and control. Celestial [...]

Space Exploration Alliance – History

Space Exploration

The first goal of the SEA was to work toward receiving broad Congressional support for the new national Vision for Space Exploration outside of low-earth orbit, which the SEA refers to as “Moon, Mars and Beyond”. The SEA began their effort by working together on a “Moon-Mars Blitz” campaign on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. [...]

Vision for Space Exploration – Outline

Space Exploration

The Vision for Space Exploration seeks to implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the solar system and beyond; extend human presence across the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon by the year 2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations; develop the innovative [...]









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