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Filter (optics) – Introduction

Optical Astronomy

filter, while the latter category, that of interference or dichroic filters, can be quite complex. Optical filters selectively transmits light having certain properties (often, a particular range of wavelengths, that is, range of colours of light), while blocking the remainder. They are commonly used in photography, in many optical instruments, and to colour stage lighting. [...]

Astronomy – Specific subfields

Astronomy

Solar astronomy The solar system is subdivided into the inner planets, the asteroid belt, and the outer planets. The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer gas giant planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt, and finally the Oort Cloud, which may extend as [...]

Islamic cosmology – Cosmology in the medieval Islamic world

Cosmology

Cosmology was studied extensively in the Muslim world during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age from the 7th to 15th centuries. There are exactly seven verses in the Quran that specify that there are seven heavens. One verse says that each heaven or sky has its own order, possibly meaning laws of nature. [...]

Celestial mechanics – Examples of problems

Celestial motion without additional forces such as thrust of a rocket, is governed by gravitational acceleration of masses due to other masses. A simplification is the ”n”-body problem, where the problem assumes some number ”n” of spherically symmetric masses. In that case, the integration of the accelerations can be well approximated by relatively simple summations. [...]

Ultraviolet – Applications of UV

By wavelength:[http://www.s-et.com/applications/wavelength.html] * 230-400& nm: Optical sensors, various instrumentation * 230-365& nm: UV-ID, label tracking, barcodes * 240-280& nm: Disinfection, decontamination of surfaces and water (DNA absorption has a peak at 260& nm) * 250-300& nm: Forensic analysis, drug detection * 270-300& nm: Protein analysis, DNA sequencing, drug discovery * 280-400& nm: Medical imaging of [...]

NASA – History

Space race After the Soviet space program’s launch of the world’s first artificial satellite (”Sputnik 1”) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the “Sputnik crisis”), urged immediate and [...]

Spacecraft – Unmanned Spacecraft

Soft landing capsule (NASA) ; Semi-manned or manned-spec unmanned spacecraft *Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)—unmanned European cargo spacecraft *Buran manned-spec Soviet shuttle (one mission only) *H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)—unmanned Japanese cargo spacecraft *Progress—unmanned USSR/Russia cargo spacecraft *TKS—manned-spec unmanned USSR cargo spacecraft ; Earth Orbit *Explorer 1—first US satellite *Project SCORE—first communications satellite *SOHO *Sputnik 1—world’s first [...]

NASA – NASA’s future

During much of the 1990s, NASA was faced with shrinking annual budgets due to congressional belt-tightening. In response, NASA’s ninth administrator, Daniel Goldin, pioneered the “faster, better, cheaper” approach that enabled NASA to cut costs while still delivering a wide variety of aerospace programs (Discovery Program). That method was criticized and re-evaluated following the twin [...]

Outline of space exploration – History of space exploration

: ”Main articles: History of space exploration and Timeline of space exploration” * Exploration of the Moon ** Apollo program ** Moon landings ** Robotic exploration of the Moon * Exploration of Mercury * Exploration of Venus * Remote sensing of Earth * Exploration of Mars ** Mars landings ** Mars rovers * Exploration of [...]

Space science – Astronomy

Astronomical methods Astronomical methods are the equipment and techniques used to collect data about the objects in Space. Galileo’s first astronomical method was to find and buy the best telescope of the time and then point that telescope to the heavens. Methods can be categorized according to the wavelength they are attempting to record. Radio [...]

Solar eclipse – Other observations

For astronomers, a total solar eclipse forms a rare opportunity to observe the corona (the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the photosphere is much brighter than the corona. According to the point reached in the solar cycle, the corona may appear small and symmetric, or large and fuzzy. [...]

Space exploration – Introduction

Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early [...]









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