Space Technology » Cryogenics http://www.contour2002.org All about space research and technology Sun, 28 Aug 2011 02:49:50 +0000 en hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.1 Journal of Low Temperature Physics – Introductionhttp://www.contour2002.org/article/journal-of-low-temperature-physics-introduction http://www.contour2002.org/article/journal-of-low-temperature-physics-introduction#comments Sun, 14 Aug 2011 14:49:47 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/journal-of-low-temperature-physics-introduction

”Journal of Low Temperature Physics” is a peer-reviewed scientific journal including original papers and review articles in the area of low temperature physics and cryogenics. Special issues dedicated to a particular topic are published as well. The journal appears once a month. It has an impact factor of 1.034 (2008). The journal was founded by John G. Daunt in 1969 and is currently edited by Horst Meyer, Mikko Paalanen, and Neil S. Sullivan.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Journal of Low Temperature Physics, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/journal-of-low-temperature-physics-introduction/feed 0 Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist) – Later workhttp://www.contour2002.org/article/nathaniel-rochester-computer-scientist-later-work http://www.contour2002.org/article/nathaniel-rochester-computer-scientist-later-work#comments Mon, 25 Jul 2011 14:49:47 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/nathaniel-rochester-computer-scientist-later-work

In the 1960s, Rochester continued to work at IBM, directing cutting edge research in cryogenics and tunnel diode circuits. Later he joined IBM’s Data Systems Division and developed programming languages and advanced computer science.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/nathaniel-rochester-computer-scientist-later-work/feed 0 Plate fin heat exchanger – Introductionhttp://www.contour2002.org/article/plate-fin-heat-exchanger-introduction http://www.contour2002.org/article/plate-fin-heat-exchanger-introduction#comments Tue, 12 Jul 2011 02:52:32 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/plate-fin-heat-exchanger-introduction CryogenicsA plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger design that uses plates and finned chambers to transfer heat between fluids. It is often categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasise its relatively high heat transfer surface area to volume ratio. The plate-fin heat exchanger is widely used in many industries, including the [...]No related posts.]]>

A plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger design that uses plates and finned chambers to transfer heat between fluids. It is often categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasise its relatively high heat transfer surface area to volume ratio.

The plate-fin heat exchanger is widely used in many industries, including the aerospace industry for its compact size and lightweight properties, as well as in cryogenics where its ability to facilitate heat transfer with small temperature differences is utilized.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Plate fin heat exchanger, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/plate-fin-heat-exchanger-introduction/feed 0 Cryobiology – Definitions/Distinctionshttp://www.contour2002.org/article/cryobiology-definitionsdistinctions http://www.contour2002.org/article/cryobiology-definitionsdistinctions#comments Mon, 11 Jul 2011 02:52:59 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/cryobiology-definitionsdistinctions Cryogenics;Cryobiology: is the study of life at low temperatures. ;Cryogenics: is the branch of physics and engineering that studies the production and use of very low temperatures. Cryogenics is not cryonics, although people often confuse them. ;Cryonics: is the low temperature preservation of humans and mammals with the intention of future revival. Cryonics is not [...]No related posts.]]>

;Cryobiology: is the study of life at low temperatures.

;Cryogenics: is the branch of physics and engineering that studies the production and use of very low temperatures. Cryogenics is not cryonics, although people often confuse them.

;Cryonics: is the low temperature preservation of humans and mammals with the intention of future revival. Cryonics is not part of mainstream cryobiology. Cryonics still depends heavily on speculative future technology which may or may not be invented.

;Cryopreservation: is a technology whereby cells, whole tissues, or embryos are preserved by cooling to temperatures below the freezing point of water.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Cryobiology, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/cryobiology-definitionsdistinctions/feed 0 Wake (comics) – Series style and sub-genreshttp://www.contour2002.org/article/wake-comics-series-style-and-sub-genres http://www.contour2002.org/article/wake-comics-series-style-and-sub-genres#comments Sun, 10 Jul 2011 14:52:43 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/wake-comics-series-style-and-sub-genres

In an interview or commentary published in bilingual form (English and French) in a collection of his drawings (”blockBuster”, 2005) Buchet noted that science fiction had the peculiarity of “allowing a natural journey between past and future”. The science fiction traditions of cryogenics and social manipulation at a grand scale made it possible for him and Morvan to explore the sub-genre of steampunk in “gearing up”, while the tradition of barbaric pre-industrial planets made an exploration of “sword and sorcery” possible in ”The sign of the Demons”, and so on.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Wake (comics), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/wake-comics-series-style-and-sub-genres/feed 0 Life Extension Foundation – Activitieshttp://www.contour2002.org/article/life-extension-foundation-activities http://www.contour2002.org/article/life-extension-foundation-activities#comments Sun, 10 Jul 2011 02:53:14 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/life-extension-foundation-activities CryogenicsThe LEF publishes a magazine monthly entitled ”Life Extension” that discusses health research and the use of dietary supplements. Part of the organization’s profits from the sale of supplements and membership dues is used to fund independent research aimed at discovering new therapies for slowing and reversing the aging process. Life Extension has provided financial [...]No related posts.]]>

The LEF publishes a magazine monthly entitled ”Life Extension” that discusses health research and the use of dietary supplements. Part of the organization’s profits from the sale of supplements and membership dues is used to fund independent research aimed at discovering new therapies for slowing and reversing the aging process. Life Extension has provided financial support to help fund research on cryogenics and anti-aging. The LEF is also a consumer advocacy organization that promotes public access to health products and information.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Life Extension Foundation, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/life-extension-foundation-activities/feed 0 The Far Arena – Summaryhttp://www.contour2002.org/article/the-far-arena-summary http://www.contour2002.org/article/the-far-arena-summary#comments Sat, 09 Jul 2011 02:49:07 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/the-far-arena-summary CryogenicsLew McCardle is a geologist working for Houghton Oil, which has reason to believe that there is oil in the far north. While running a test drill, the machine accidentally uncovers the frozen body of a man. Lew is given charge of the body, and he immediately calls his friend Semyon Petrovitch, who is a [...]No related posts.]]>

Lew McCardle is a geologist working for Houghton Oil, which has reason to believe that there is oil in the far north. While running a test drill, the machine accidentally uncovers the frozen body of a man. Lew is given charge of the body, and he immediately calls his friend Semyon Petrovitch, who is a Soviet scientist. Petrovitch, who specializes in cryonics (but not cryogenics, as he explains) immediately takes the body to be revived, explaining that it is easier to treat such a case as alive until it is proven that life cannot be restored. The blood is pumped from the body, and various treatments are administered until, amazingly, it ”does” come back to life. It spends the next fifteen days in a deep sleep, muttering to itself. The mutterings are recorded, but no-one can figure out the language. Finally, Lew McCardle, who has eight years of Latin, sends for a Catholic nun, who joins him and Petrovitch on their quest to sort out the mysteries of the body.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article The Far Arena, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/the-far-arena-summary/feed 0 Inversion temperature – Introductionhttp://www.contour2002.org/article/inversion-temperature-introduction http://www.contour2002.org/article/inversion-temperature-introduction#comments Thu, 07 Jul 2011 14:52:47 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/inversion-temperature-introduction Cryogenicsinversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanded at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the Joule-Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases. [...]No related posts.]]>

inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanded at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the Joule-Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Inversion temperature, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/inversion-temperature-introduction/feed 0 .220 Swift – Drawbackshttp://www.contour2002.org/article/220-swift-drawbacks http://www.contour2002.org/article/220-swift-drawbacks#comments Mon, 04 Jul 2011 02:51:45 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/220-swift-drawbacks CryogenicsThe Swift’s high-velocity performance undoubtedly comes at a price, because the high velocities and high internal firing temperatures do accelerate chamber and bore wear. But modern metallurgy and cryogenics have vastly improved barrel life with the .220& Swift and other cartridges, although they still tend to require rechambering or rebarreling much sooner than lower-velocity cartridges [...]No related posts.]]>

The Swift’s high-velocity performance undoubtedly comes at a price, because the high velocities and high internal firing temperatures do accelerate chamber and bore wear. But modern metallurgy and cryogenics have vastly improved barrel life with the .220& Swift and other cartridges, although they still tend to require rechambering or rebarreling much sooner than lower-velocity cartridges such as the .222 Remington and the .223 Remington.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article .220 Swift, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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]]> http://www.contour2002.org/article/220-swift-drawbacks/feed 0 IBP (merged subsidiary of Indian Oil) – Cryogenics Divisionhttp://www.contour2002.org/article/ibp-merged-subsidiary-of-indian-oil-cryogenics-division http://www.contour2002.org/article/ibp-merged-subsidiary-of-indian-oil-cryogenics-division#comments Mon, 20 Jun 2011 02:51:28 +0000 http://www.contour2002.org/article/ibp-merged-subsidiary-of-indian-oil-cryogenics-division

When “Operation Flood” (a program to produce more milk in the country) was introduced in India, new technology from the Western world was adopted. One new implementation was storing bull’s semen in liquid nitrogen containers. The temperature of liquid nitrogen is minus 196 degrees Celsius. The liquid nitrogen containers are similar to thermos flasks used for storing hot water, but have advanced insulation technology to keep the liquid nitrogen cool at minus 196 degrees Celsius. For a long long time, IBP was the only company manufacturing this technology item in India. Only recently has a private player entered the market. Still, IBP is the market leader as of today (2008).

Adapted from the Wikipedia article IBP (merged subsidiary of Indian Oil), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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