Cellular communication is an umbrella term used in biology and more indepth in biophysics and biochemistry to identify different types of communication methods between living cells. Some of the methods include cell signaling among others. The Journal of ‘Cell Communication and Signaling’, often synthesizes research on this topic.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Cellular communication (biology), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

William graduated high school at the age of 14 to attend college at Vanderbilt. He soon transferred to Johns Hopkins University. He earned his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in biophysics at Johns Hopkins University where he worked on the development of medical tests. He finished his Ph.D. in neurophysiology at the University of Utah.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article William H. Dobelle, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Since moving to Trondheim in 1977, Naqvi has worked on a wide range of problems within physics, chemistry and biology, dividing his time equally between theory and experiment and between the pure and the applied. These topics include: (1) calculation of Franck-Condon factors, (2) applications of linear transport theory to chemical kinetics, diffuse reflection spectroscopy, and phonon transport in semiconductors, (3) spectroscopy of absorbing and scattering specimens, (4) primary photophysical processes in carotenoids, vitamin E and related molecules, (5) revival of quantum wave packets, (6) photoprotection in artificial and natural photosynthesis, and (7) non-invasive measurement of blood pressure.

Naqvi’s many coauthors include a very large number of scientists from all over the world. Within NTNU, his collaborators include, apart many physicists, several chemists (analytical, organic, physical) and two mathematicians. In addition to his steady research output, Naqvi has manifested his commitment to teaching by contributing to journals devoted to didactical aspects of science (American Journal of Physics, European Journal of Physics, Journal of Chemical Education).
Adapted from the Wikipedia article Kalbe Razi Naqvi, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Dr. Lehmann was initially trained in internal medicine but became interested in physical modalities such as diathermy. This led him to study biophysics at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics. In 1951 he moved to the United States to further pursue a study biophysics and physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) at the Mayo Clinic, under the tutelage of Frank H. Krusen, MD.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Justus F. Lehmann, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Federation of the European Biochemical Societies, frequently abbreviated FEBS is an international scientific society promoting activities in biochemistry, molecular biology and molecular biophysics in Europe. Since it was founded in 1964 it has grown to include almost 40,000 members from 36 member societies and 7 associated societies from 43 countries [http://www.febs.org/index.php?id=64].

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Federation of European Biochemical Societies, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Amyloid is characterized by a cross-beta sheet quaternary structure. While amyloid is usually identified using fluorescent dyes, stain polarimetry, circular dichroism, or FTIR (all indirect measurements), the “gold-standard” test to see if a structure contains cross-beta fibres is by placing a sample in an X-ray diffraction beam. The term “cross-beta” was based on the observation of two sets of diffraction lines, one longitudinal and one transverse, that form a characteristic “cross” pattern. There are two characteristic scattering diffraction signals produced at 4.7 and 10 Ångstroms (0.47& nm and 1.0& nm), corresponding to the interstrand and stacking distances in beta sheets . The “stacks” of beta sheet are short and traverse the breadth of the amyloid fibril; the length of the amyloid fibril is built by aligned strands.

Amyloid polymerization (aggregation or non-covalent polymerization) is generally sequence-sensitive, that is, causing mutations in the sequence can prevent self-assembly, especially if the mutation is a beta-sheet breaker, such as proline. For example, humans produce amylin, an amyloidogenic peptide associated with type II diabetes, but in rats and mice prolines are substituted in critical locations and amyloidogenesis does not occur.

There are two broad classes of amyloid-forming polypeptide sequences. Glutamine-rich polypeptides are important in the amyloidogenesis of Yeast and mammalian prions, as well as Trinucleotide repeat disorders including Huntington’s disease. When peptides are in a be

Other polypeptides and proteins such as amylin and the Alzheimer’s beta protein do not have a simple consensus sequence and are thought to operate by hydrophobic association. Among the hydrophobic residues, aromatic amino-acids are found to have the highest amyloidogenic propensity .

For these peptides, cross-polymerization (fibrils of one polypeptide sequence causing other fibrils of another sequence to form) is observed in vitro and possibly in vivo. This phenomenon is important since it would explain interspecies prion propagation and differential rates of prion propagation, as well as a statistical link between Alzheimer’s and type 2 diabetes. In general, the more similar the peptide sequence the more efficient cross-polymerization is, though entirely dissimilar sequences can cross-polymerize and highly similar sequences can even be “blockers” which prevent polymerization. Polypeptides will not cross-polymerize their mirror-image counterparts, indicating that the phenomenon involves specific binding and recognition events.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Amyloid, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Rama Bansil serves as Professor of Physics at Boston University, a post she has held since 1997. Although trained as a physicist, her work and professional associations are multi-disciplined, with areas of expertise encompassing biopolymer engineering, polymer engineering, photonics, nanoscience, nanobiotechnology, biophysics and biochemistry.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Rama Bansil, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Its related research arm, the Ontario Cancer Institute (OCI), has made world-renowned contributions, and works in conjunction with the hospital in a mutually beneficial relationship. Many researchers at the OCI hold appointments at the University of Toronto, often within the Department of Medical Biophysics.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Princess Margaret Hospital (Toronto), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

The 2009 Impact Factor is 3.099. It is ranked number 25 out of 74 in the Biophysics category, number 19 out of 104 in the Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging category, and number 8 out of 39 in the Spectroscopy category.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article NMR in Biomedicine, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.

Contemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.

Since the twentieth century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. “Universalists” such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968), who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.

Condensed matter

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the “condensed” phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is extremely large and the interactions between the constituents are strong.

The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding and electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the superfluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials, and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.

Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics. Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields.

In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics at the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics. Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions on the scale of single atoms or structures containing a few atoms. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).

Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics, the collective behavior of atoms in weakly interacting gases (Bose–Einstein Condensates and dilute Fermi degenerate systems), precision measurements of fundamental constants, and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomenon such as fission and fusion are considered part of high energy physics.

Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light. Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.

High energy/particle physics

Particle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them. It may also be called “high energy physics”, because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high energy collisions of other particles, as can be detected in particle accelerators.

Currently, the interactions of elementary particles are described by the Standard Model. The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) that interact via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces. Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging force carrier particles (gluons, W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively). The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson, the existence of which has not yet been verified; , searches for it are underway in the Tevatron at Fermilab and in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

Astrophysics

Astrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.

The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth’s atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.

Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble’s discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.

The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein’s general relativity and the cosmological principle. Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.

Numerous possibilities and discoveries are anticipated to emerge from new data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope over the upcoming decade and vastly revise or clarify existing models of the Universe. In particular, the potential for a tremendous discovery surrounding dark matter is possible over the next several years. Fermi will search for evidence that dark matter is composed of weakly interacting massive particles, complementing similar experiments with the Large Hadron Collider and other underground detectors.

IBEX is already yielding new astrophysical discoveries: “No one knows what is creating the ENA ribbon” along the termination shock of the solar wind, “but everyone agrees that it means the textbook picture of the heliosphere — in which the solar system’s enveloping pocket filled with the solar wind’s charged particles is plowing through the onrushing ‘galactic wind’ of the interstellar medium in the shape of a comet — is wrong.”

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Physics, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

No related posts.