A mistake often made by laymen in their approach to Aggadah is to assume the Jewish sages write on a literal, superficial level. In actuality, the Aggadah generally is meant to encode fundamental ideas about metaphysics and ethics, and is not necessarily relevant to physical observations. This creates some difficulty in assessing superficially the ancient views of astronomy. The Jerusalem Talmud actually says that the world is round, showing that they were far ahead of te ret of the world.

The information preserved in the Talmud contains only a fraction of the astronomical knowledge of the Talmudists; for in their academies they touched upon scientific problems only so far as they related to religious questions, and exercised great reserve regarding their stellar investigations, so as not to betray the secrets of the festival calendar, an important privilege of the house of the Palestinian patriarch and of his tribunal. Furthermore, these fragments do not emanate from one homogeneous system, as they are the accumulations of at least four centuries, and are traceable to various authors in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds, among whom some were inclined to mysticism.

Astronomy as a religious study

The high value of astronomical knowledge is already demonstrated by the astronomical section of the ”Book of Enoch” (about 72-80), as well as by such sayings as those of Eleazar Ḥisma (about 100), a profound mathematician, who could “count the drops in the ocean” (Hor. 10a), and who declared that “ability to compute the solstice and the cale

Despite the general importance and religious significance attached to Astronomy in the Holy Land, no notable developments in astronomy happened there. The starry heavens of Palestine interested the Jews, indeed, as creations of God, as means to determine the holidays; but for a better knowledge of them the Jews were undoubtedly indebted to the Babylonians and their Hellenic pupils, as evidenced by the foreign term gematria used to designate the computation of the calendar. Possibly this word represents a transposition of the Greek γραμματεία meaning “arithmetic, mathematics.” Most of the observations of a scientific nature were transmitted by Samuel (250), who attended the schools of the Babylonians, and who claimed to possess as exact a knowledge of the heavenly regions as of the streets of his own city Nehardea. Certain rules must nevertheless have existed; for the patriarch Rabban Gamaliel (about 100), who applied the above-mentioned lunar tablets and telescope, relied for authority upon such as had been transmitted by his paternal ancestors (Yer. R. H. ii. 58b; Bab. R. H. 25a).

Conceptions of Heaven and Earth

As in the Bible, so also in the Talmud, heaven and earth designate the two borders of the universe. The former is a hollow sphere covering the earth. It consists, according to one authority, of a strong and firm plate two or three fingers in thickness, always lustrous and never tarnishing. Another tannaitic authority estimates the diameter of this plate as one-sixth of the sun’s diurnal journey; while another, a Babylonian, estimates it at 1,000 parasangs. According to others, the diameter of the firmament is equal to the distance covered in 50 or 500 years; and this is true also of the earth and the large sea (“Tehom”) upon which it rests. The distance of the firmament from the earth is a journey of 500 years—a distance equivalent to the diameter of the firmament, through which the sun must saw its way in order to become visible. The firmament, according to some, consists of fire and water, and, according to others, of water only; while the stars consist of fire. East and west are at least as far removed from each other as is the firmament from the earth. Heaven and earth “kiss each other” at the horizon; and between the water above and that below there are but two or three fingerbreadths. The earth rests upon water and is encompassed by it. According to other conceptions the earth is supported by one, seven, or twelve pillars. These rest upon water, the water upon mountains, the mountains upon the wind, and the wind upon the storm. The nations of antiquity generally believed that the earth was a disk floating on water. There is also mentioned the terrestrial globe, “kaddur,” though it may also be translated as “disk.” When Alexander the Great attempted to ascend to heaven he rose even higher and higher, until the earth appeared as a globe and the sea as a tray. The earth is divided into three parts, viz., habitable land, desert, and sea.

It was assumed that our present earth was preceded by many others which were not good in the eyes of the Creator, who traverses in all 18,000 worlds, and for this reason is frequently styled “Lord of the Worlds”. The ocean also is mentioned in the Talmud, and the whole world is said to drink of its waters. According to mystic speculation there are seven heavens, the first of which is called “velum” (curtain); the second, “firmament,” etc.. Whether these worlds are similar to ours is not stated. The correct impression concerning the infinitude of the starry host is expressed in the following sentence of Rabbi Simeon ben Laḳish (about 250): “There are twelve mazzalot [signs of the zodiac], each having thirty armies; each army, thirty camps [= castra]; each camp, thirty legions; each legion, thirty cohorts; each cohort, thirty corps; and each corps has 365,000 myriads of stars entrusted to it”. If one does the math, the answer is close to the estimated number of stars in the visible universe.

Chronology and the zodiac

Chronology was a chief consideration in the study of astronomy among the Jews; sacred time was based upon the cycles of the Sun and the Moon. The Talmud identified the twelve constellations of the zodiac with the twelve months of the Hebrew calendar. The correspondence of the constellations with their names in Hebrew and the months is as follows:

#Aries – Ṭaleh – Nisan

#Taurus – Shor – Iyar

#Gemini – Teomim – Sivan

#Cancer – Sarṭon – Tammuz

#Leo – Ari – Av

#Virgo – Betulah – Elul

#Libra – Moznayim – Tishrei

#Scorpio – ‘Aḳrab – Cheshvan

#Sagittarius – Ḳasshat – Kislev

#Capricorn – Gedi – Tevet

#Aquarius – D’li – Shevat

#Pisces – Dagim – Adar

The first three are in the east, the second three in the south, the third three in the west, and the last three in the north; and all are attendant on the sun. According to one account, in the first three months (spring) the Sun travels in the south, in order to melt the snow; in the fourth through sixth months (summer) it travels directly above the earth, in order to ripen the fruit; in the seventh through ninth months (autumn) it travels above the sea, in order to absorb the waters; and in the last three months (winter) it travels over the desert, in order that the grain may not dry up and wither.

According to one conception, Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius face northward; Taurus, Virgo, and Capricornus westward; Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius southward; and Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces eastward. Some scholars identified the twelve signs of the zodiac with the twelve tribes of Israel.

The four solstices (the Teḳufot of Nisan, Tammuz, Tishrei, and Tevet) are often mentioned as determining the seasons of the year; and there are occasional references to the rising-place of the sun (‘Er. 56a). Sometimes six seasons of the year are mentioned (Gen. R. xxxiv. 11), and reference is often made to the receptacle of the sun (ναρθήκιον), by means of which the heat of the orb is mitigated (Gen. R. vi. 6, and elsewhere). The Moon was also a part of the calendar: “The moon begins to shine on the 1st of the month; its light increases until the 15th, when the disk [(δίσκοσ)] is full; from the 15th to the 30th it wanes; and on the 30th it is invisible” (Ex. R. xv. 26).

The heavenly bodies and their motions

Two different cosmologies can be found in the Talmud. One is a flat Earth mythical cosmology resembling descriptions of the world in the mythology of the Ancient Near East. The other, resembling ancient Greek astronomy, is the geocentric model, according to which the stars move about the earth. According to Aristotle, Ptolemy, and other philosophers among the Greeks, the stars have no motion of their own, being firmly attached to spheres whose center is the earth. A passage in the Talmud, the Baraita Pesahim 94b contrasts the pagan view with that of Jewish sages:

The learned of Israel say, “The sphere stands firm, and the planets revolve”; the learned of the nations say, “The sphere moves, and the planets stand firm.” The learned of Israel say, “The sun moves by day beneath the firmament, and by night above the firmament”; the learned of the nations say, “The sun moves by day beneath the firmament, and by night beneath the earth.”

The sun has 365 windows through which it emerges; 182 in the east, 182 in the west, and 1 in the middle, the place of its first entrance. The course described by it in a year is traversed by the moon in 30 days. The solar year is longer by 11 days than the lunar year (Yer. R. H. ii. 58a). The sun completes its course in 12 months; Jupiter, in 12 years; Saturn, in 30 years; Venus and Mars, in 480 years (Gen. R. x. 4); however, an objection is raised here (in a gloss) against the last-mentioned number. King Antoninus asked the patriarch why the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. At the time of the Deluge it traveled in the opposite direction (Sanh. 91b, 108b). Every 28 years it returns to its original point of departure, and on Tuesday evening of the spring solstice it is in opposition with Saturn, although Plato maintained that the sun and planets never return to the place whence they started. This is the cycle of 28 years (Ber. 59b); the moon-cycle of 19 years may have been meant in the Targ. Yer. Gen. i. 14.

The names of the seven planets are:

(1) “Shabbetai,” Saturn;

(2) “Ẓedeḳ,” Jupiter;

(3) “Maadim,” Mars;

(4) “Ḥammah,” the sun;

(5) “Kokebet” or “Nogah,” “Kokab-Nogah,” Venus;

(6) “Kokab,” Mercury;

(7) “Lebanah,” the moon.

From the names of the seven planets were derived the names of the days of the week; and each day was consecrated to the particular planet that ruled during the early hours of the morning. The Talmudists were familiar with the planets and their characteristics in astrology; but only the week-days were counted, while the Sabbath had a name of its own.

Fixed stars and comets

The Milky Way is called “Fire-Stream,” a name borrowed from Daniel vii. 10 (“Nehar di-nur”), where it may possibly have had the same signification. The statement is also made that the sting of Scorpio may be seen lying in the Milky Way. Samuel said: “We have it as a tradition that no comet ever passed across the face of Orion “Kesil”; for if this should happen the earth would be destroyed.” When his hearers objected to this statement, saying, “Yet we see that this occurs,” Samuel replied: “It only appears so; for the comet passes either above or below the star. Possibly also its radiance passes, but not its body.” Again, Samuel says: “But for the warmth of Orion, the earth could not exist, because of the frigidity of Scorpio; furthermore, Orion lies near Taurus, with which the warm season begins. The comet, because of its tail, is called “kokba de-shabbiṭ.” (rodstar). Joshua ben Hananiah (about 100), declared that a star appears once every seventy years and leads mariners astray; hence they should at such time lay in a larger store of provisions. Rapoport endeavors to prove that the path of Halley’s comet had been computed by a wise rabbi. Samuel said: “I know all the paths of heaven, but nothing of the nature of the comet.”

The following Biblical names of constellations are mentioned and explained: Pleiades (Biblically know as the Seven Stars) [a cluster of] about a hundred stars, and for the much disputed , its equally obscure Aramaic equivalent (MS. M. ), Syriac , is given . The following two sagas also have reference to natural phenomena. When Rabbi Jacob died, stars were seen by day; when Rabbi Ḥiyya died, stones of fire fell from heaven. The latter may possibly be a reference to meteors.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Hebrew astronomy, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Many of the works of ancient Greek and Hellenistic writers (including mathematicians, astronomers, and geographers) have been preserved up to the present time, or some aspects of their work and thought are still known through later references. However, achievements in these fields by earlier ancient Near Eastern civilizations, notably those in Babylonia, were forgotten for a long time. Since the discovery of key archaeological sites in the 19th century, many cuneiform writings on clay tablets have been found, some of them related to astronomy. Most known astronomical tablets have been described by Abraham Sachs and later published by Otto Neugebauer in the ”Astronomical Cuneiform Texts” (”ACT”).

Since the rediscovery of the Babylonian civilization, it has become apparent that Hellenistic astronomy was strongly influenced by the Chaldeans. The best documented borrowings are those of Hipparchus (2nd century BCE) and Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE).

Early influence

Many scholars agree that the Metonic cycle is likely to have been learned by the Greeks from Babylonian scribes. Meton of Athens, a Greek astronomer of the 5th century BCE, developed a lunisolar calendar based on the fact that 19 solar years is about equal to 235 lunar months, a period relation already known to the Babylonians.

In the fourth century, Eudoxus of Cnidus wrote a book on the fixed stars. His descriptions of many constellations, especially the twelve signs of the zodiac, are suspiciously similar to Babylonian originals. The following century Aristarchus of Samos used an eclipse cycle of Babylonian origin called the Saros cycle to determine the year length. However, all these examples of early influence must be inferred and the chain of transmission is not known.

Influence on Hipparchus and Ptolemy

In 1900, Franz Xaver Kugler demonstrated that Ptolemy had stated in his ”Almagest” IV.2 that Hipparchus improved the values for the Moon’s periods known to him from “even more ancient astronomers” by comparing eclipse observations made earlier by “the Chaldeans”, and by himself. However Kugler found that the periods that Ptolemy attributes to Hipparchus had already been used in Babylonian ephemerides, specifically the collection of texts nowadays called “System B” (sometimes attributed to Kidinnu). Apparently Hipparchus only confirmed the validity of the periods he learned from the Chaldeans by his newer observations. Later Greek knowledge of this specific Babylonian theory is confirmed by second-century papyrus, which contains 32 lines of a single column of calculations for the Moon using this same “System B”, but written in Greek on papyrus rather than in cuneiform on clay tablets.

It is clear that Hipparchus (and Ptolemy after him) had an essentially complete list of eclipse observations covering many centuries. Most likely these had been compiled from the “diary” tablets: these are clay tablets recording all relevant observations that the Chaldeans routinely made. Preserved examples date from 652 BC to AD 130, but probably the records went back as far as the reign of the Babylonian king Nabonassar: Ptolemy starts his chronology with the first day in the Egyptian calendar of the first year of Nabonassar; i.e., 26 February 747 BC.

This raw material by itself must have been tough to use, and no doubt the Chaldeans themselves compiled extracts of e.g., all observed eclipses (some tablets with a list of all eclipses in a period of time covering a saros have been found). This allowed them to recognise periodic recurrences of events. Among others they used in System B (cf. ”Almagest” IV.2):

*223 (synodic) months = 239 returns in anomaly (anomalistic month) = 242 returns in latitude (draconic month). This is now known as the saros period which is very useful for predicting eclipses.

*251 (synodic) months = 269 returns in anomaly

*5458 (synodic) months = 5923 returns in latitude

*1 synodic month = 29;31:50:08:20 days (sexagesimal; 29.53059413… days in decimals = 29& days 12& hours 44& min 3⅓& s)

The Babylonians expressed all periods in synodic months, probably because they used a lunisolar calendar. Various relations with yearly phenomena led to different values for the length of the year.

Similarly various relations between the periods of the planets were known. The relations that Ptolemy attributes to Hipparchus in ”Almagest” IX.3 had all already been used in predictions found on Babylonian clay tablets.

Other traces of Babylonian practice in Hipparchus’ work are

*first Greek known to divide the circle in 360 degrees of 60 arc minutes.

*first consistent use of the sexagesimal number system.

*the use of the unit ”pechus” (“cubit”) of about 2° or 2½°.

*use of a short period of 248 days = 9 anomalistic months.

Means of transmission

All this knowledge was transferred to the Greeks probably shortly after the conquest by Alexander the Great (331 BC). According to the late classical philosopher Simplicius (early 6th century AD), Alexander ordered the translation of the historical astronomical records under supervision of his chronicler Callisthenes of Olynthus, who sent it to his uncle Aristotle. It is worth mentioning here that although Simplicius is a very late source, his account may be reliable. He spent some time in exile at the Sassanid (Persian) court, and may have accessed sources otherwise lost in the West. It is striking that he mentions the title ”tèresis” (Greek: guard) which is an odd name for a historical work, but is in fact an adequate translation of the Babylonian title ”massartu” meaning “guarding” but also “observing”. Anyway, Aristotle’s pupil Callippus of Cyzicus introduced his 76-year cycle, which improved upon the 19-year Metonic cycle, about that time. He had the first year of his first cycle start at the summer solstice of 28 June 330 BC (Julian proleptic date), but later he seems to have counted lunar months from the first month after Alexander’s decisive battle at Gaugamela in fall 331 BC. So Callippus may have obtained his data from Babylonian sources and his calendar may have been anticipated by Kidinnu. Also it is known that the Babylonian priest known as Berossus wrote around 281 BC a book in Greek on the (rather mythological) history of Babylonia, the ”Babyloniaca”, for the new ruler Antiochus I; it is said that later he founded a school of astrology on the Greek island of Kos. Another candidate for teaching the Greeks about Babylonian astronomy/astrology was Sudines who was at the court of Attalus I Soter late in the 3rd century BC.

In any case, the translation of the astronomical records required profound knowledge of the cuneiform script, the language, and the procedures, so it seems likely that it was done by some unidentified Chaldeans. Now, the Babylonians dated their observations in their lunisolar calendar, in which months and years have varying lengths (29 or 30 days; 12 or 13 months respectively). At the time they did not use a regular calendar (such as based on the Metonic cycle like they did later), but started a new month based on observations of the New Moon. This made it very tedious to compute the time interval between events.

What Hipparchus may have done is transform these records to the Egyptian calendar, which uses a fixed year of always 365 days (consisting of 12 months of 30 days and 5 extra days): this makes computing time intervals much easier. Ptolemy dated all observations in this calendar. He also writes that “All that he (=Hipparchus) did was to make a compilation of the planetary observations arranged in a more useful way” (”Almagest” IX.2). Pliny states (”Naturalis Historia” II.IX(53)) on eclipse predictions: “After their time (=Thales) the courses of both stars (=Sun and Moon) for 600 years were prophesied by Hipparchus, …”. This seems to imply that Hipparchus predicted eclipses for a period of 600 years, but considering the enormous amount of computation required, this is very unlikely. Rather, Hipparchus would have made a list of all eclipses from Nabonasser’s time to his own.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Babylonian astronomy, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth’s atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.

Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Prehistoric cultures left behind astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Stonehenge, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, and Indians performed methodical observations of the night sky. However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science. Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, the making of calendars, and even astrology, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.

During the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of celestial objects, which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy is oriented towards the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena. The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results, and observations being used to confirm theoretical results.

Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries, and astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.

Ancient astronomy is not to be confused with astrology, the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two fields share a common origin and a part of their methods (namely, the use of ephemerides), they are distinct.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Astronomy, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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“Detailed System of Human Knowledge”

from the Encyclopédie.

*Understanding

**Memory

***History

****Sacred

*****Ecclesiastical, proper

*****History of Prophecies

****Civil

*****Civil History, proper

******Memoirs

******Antiquities

******Complete History

*****Literary History

****Natural

*****Uniformity of Nature

******Celestial History

*******of Meteors

*******of the Earth and the Sea

******History

*******of Minerals

*******of Vegetables

*******of Animals

*******of the Elements

*****Irregularities of Nature

******Celestial Wonders

******Unusual Meteors

******Wonders of the Earth and the Sea

******Monstrous Minerals

******Monstrous Vegetables

******Monstrous Animals

******Wonders of the Elements

*****Uses of Nature

******Arts, Crafts, Manufactures

*******Working and Uses of Gold and Silver

********Minter

********Goldbeater

********Gold Threader

********Gold Roller

********Gold and Silver Smith

********Planisher

********Setter, etc.

*******Working and Uses of Precious and Semiprecious Stones

********Lapidary

********Diamond Cutter

********Jeweler

*******Working and Uses of Iron

********Heavy Forging

********Locksmithing

********Edge-Tool Making

********Arms Manufacture

********Arquebus (small arms) Manufacture

*******Working and Uses of Glass

********Glassmaking

********Plate-Glass

********Mirror-Worker

********Optical Manufacturer

********Glazier, etc.

*******Working and Uses of Skin

********Tanner

********Chamois Leather Dresser

********Skinner

********Glover, etc.

*******Working and Uses of Stone, Plaster, Slate, etc.

********Practical Architecture

********Practical Sculpture

********Mason

********Roofer, etc.

*******Working and Uses of Silk

********Extraction

********Throwing

********Products, such as

********Velvet

********Brocaded Frabics, etc.

*******Working and Uses of Wool

********Drapery

********Hosiery,

********etc.

*******Working and Uses, etc.

********etc.

**Reason

***Philosophy

****General Metaphysics, or Ontology, or Science of Being in General, of Possibility, of Existence, of Duration, etc.

****Knowledge of God

*****Natural Theology

*****Revealed Theology

*****Knowledge of Good and Evil Spirits

******Divination

******Black Magic

****Knowledge of the Soul

*****Rational

*****Sensory

****Pneumatology, or Knowledge of the Spirit, or Special Metaphysics

****Knowledge of Man

*****Logic

******Art of Thinking

*******Perception

********Knowledge of Ideas

*******Judgment

********Knowledge of Propositions

*******Reasoning

********Induction

*******Method

********Proof

*********Analysis

*********Synthesis

******Art of Retaining

*******Memory

********Natural

********Artificial

*********Prenotion

*********Emblem

*******Supplement to Memory

********Writing

*********Alphabet

**********Arts of Writing, Printing, Reading, Deciphering

***********Orthography

*********Numbers

********Printing

******Art of Communication

*******Knowledge of Oratorical Devices

********Grammar

*********Signs

**********Gesture

***********Pantomime

***********Declamation

**********Characters

***********Ideograms

***********Hieroglyphs

***********Heraldry or Blazonry

*********Prosody

*********Composition

*********Syntax

*********Philology

*********Criticism

*********Pedagogy

**********Choice of Studies

**********Manner of Teaching

*******Knowledge of Oratorical Qualities

********Rhetoric

********Mechanics of Poetry or Versification

*****Ethics

******General

*******Knowledge of Good and Evil in General, of Duties in General, of Virtue, of the Necessity of Being Virtuous

******Particular

*******Knowledge of Laws or Jurisprudence

********Natural

*********Civil Architecture*

********Economic

*********Naval Architecture

*********Home and Foreign Trade,

*********by Land, by Sea

********Political

*********Military Art*

**********Tactics

**********Fortifications or Military Architecture

**********Military Pyrotechnics

****Knowledge of Nature

*****Metaphysics of Bodies, or General Physics of Extension, Impenetrability, Movement, the Void, etc.

*****Mathematics

******Pure

*******Arithmetic

********Numerical

********Algebra

*********Elementary

*********Infinitesimal

**********Differential

**********Integral

*******Geometry

********Elementary

*********Military Architecture and Tactics

********Transcendental

*********Theory of Curves

******Applied

*******Mechanics

********Statics

*********Statics, proper

*********Hydrostatics

********Dynamics

*********Dynamics, proper

*********Ballistics

*********Hydrodynamics

**********Hydraulics

**********Navigation, Naval Architecture

*******Geometric Astronomy

********Cosmography

*********Uranography

*********Geography

*********Hydrography

********Chronology

********Gnomonics

*******Optics

********Optics, proper

********Dioptrics, Perspective

********Catoptrics

*******Acoustics

*******Pneumatics

*******Art of Conjecturing, Analysis of Chance

******Physico-Mathematics

*****Physics (Natural philosophy)

******General

******Particular

*******Physical Astronomy, Astrology

********Juridical Astrology

********Physical Astrology

*******Meteorology

*******Cosmology

********Uranology

********Aerology

********Geology

********Hydrology

*******Botany

********Agriculture

********Gardening

*******Mineralogy

*******Zoology

********Anatomy

*********Simple

*********Comparative

********Physiology

********Medicine

*********Hygiene

**********Hygiene, proper

**********Cosmetics (Orthopedics)

**********Athletics (Gymnastics)

*********Pathology

*********Semiotics

*********Therapeutics

**********Diet

**********Surgery

**********Pharmacy

********Veterinary

********Horsemanship

********Hunting

********Fishing

********Falconry

*******Chemistry

********Chemistry, proper

*********Pyrotechnics, Dyeing, etc.

********Metallurgy

********Alchemy

********Natural Magic

**Imagination

***Poetry

****Profane

*****Narrative

******Epic Poem

******Madrigal

******Epigram

******Novel, etc.

*****Music

******Theoretical

******Practical

******Instrumental

******Vocal

*****Painting

*****Sculpture

*****Engraving

*****Dramatic

******Tragedy

******Comedy

******Opera

******Pastoral, etc.

*****Parabolic

******Allegory

****Sacred

*These divisions can also be referred to the branch of mathematics which deals with their principles.

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By: Doug Muraski
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     If you love to blog about anything science related, themes that revolve around the science plateau are very hard to come by.  Now saying that wordpress is the serious player over blogger by far, but they don’t offer science themes, we have put an end to that.  Our team has dedicated themselves in making some serious niche themes in the science field.  By the reaction of the public they seem to love them.  There are countless two and three column themes with incredible graphics.  Now what we did was went a step further, we made sure all themes were SEO’d from soup to nuts.  Not many free themes you see on the web do this.  Coding took much longer but we feel was well worth it.  We analyzed these before we listed them to the public.  The whole process was very time consuming, but we did this for a few reasons, a few years ago we tried a few free themes that we found and noticed that search engines would’nt really crawl the site after an article was published, we disected the coding and found that they were really junk.  So our team went to work and built some of the best free wordpress themes you will ever find.  We also carry premium themes but to be honest the only difference is the graphics and coding of them, they are 5% more search engine friendly.  Not that much of a difference but on our scale the free themes rank at 96% and the premium themes rank at 99.2%  these are much higher numbers then many php premium scripts.  Anotherwords you will NOT find a better seo theme out there.  Professionalism and dedication went into building these. 

 Health Theme Niches Great Themes For Categories

     You will notice on some of the best laid out graphics on any website.  To give you an idea they did’nt come from some photoshop these are paid pics that we initiated into the scenes, as well as made some necessary adjustments to align for better eye candy.  You know if the reader passes you by it’s because of the initial looks of the website.  We took that into consideration before releasing these.  From past experiences as a web designer we’ve seen some of the worst of the worst. Now from a professional standpoint-it does’nt take long to make corrections in this field.  Having a great looking blog is what it’s all about.  Everything was checked and rechecked for inclusion into our site.  We run a beta test on how a theme will perform in search engines before we list it.  The science theme is one of the most particuliar and diverse themes to have accomplished.  We had to take many things in to account,  with so many niches in this category, we had to really study the field before starting this project.  You can consider science being studying the human body or forensics or anthropology.  I think you get where I’m coming from, so we in no way had the time to cover each one so we combined some of the most popular and that’s where the graphics started.  Now we will be adding more on a monthly basis so stay tunes if you don’t see something you like, but keep this in mind, in other categories you will see right sidebar and left sidebar themes as well as widget ready and 3 and 4 column themes.  Check these before you leave as we might have used a specific graphic on these themes.  You will notice the colors are somewhat clearer and crisper then you might see elsewhere.  Remember the Science theme is one of the hardest to develop no matter if it’s paid or free.  Personally I think these are a great selection and we know how powerful the seo capabilities are.  So in lamens terms if you don’t like the graphics you can always change them they are very easy to do and you can do that in the header section.  One tip in getting maximum traffic is you can add many plugins to the site, and twitter tools is one priority you should use.  Once a post is made it will be automatically sent to twitter thus giving you a huge advantage for receiving targeted visitors.  Once your in the admin section of the blog go to where you see plugins and you can add any plugins you would like, we recommend google sitemap and seo plugin!  These will maximize the potential of your blog.  You can do so much with our free science themes.  You can use as many as you like. 

Free WordPress Themes

http://www.leadingwordpressthemes.com 

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To have a slim figure or to keep it, that’s a major concern for many of us. This concern sometimes can become an obsessional in women, who have a greater need to please than men and who, regrettably, have more of a tendency to put on weight than men do!

Haven’t you noticed that most Asians – Chinese and Vietnamese for example – naturally have an “wiry” figure? There must be reasons to that! The present article is precisely designed to reveal you some of these reasons and to make you profit by certain Asiatic secrets of thinness, among others, and everything according to Chinese astrology. It will allow you to determine your profile better and will direct you towards such therapies as are without side effects and susceptible of restoring the harmony between microcosm and macrocosm, between body and spirit – the harmony without which nothing is possible, except to ruin oneself further.

In compiling this file, I have a particular thought for women, those exquisite creatures without whom life definitely wouldn’t be worth living!

Chinese cosmogony

In societies of Chinese culture, it’s not rare that the physician, the alchemist, the cook, the Feng Shui Master, and the astrologer are one and the same person. This is perfectly explainable: the arts of these practitioners all spring from the same source, which is Chinese cosmogony. (Cosmogony = theory of the birth and the functioning of the entire Universe.)

According to this cosmogony, the human being is part of Nature – he&#

It is in this perspective – and also under the angle of Chinese astrology – that I propose you the following techniques for losing weight. They are essentially based, on one hand, on the astral sign of each individual, and on the other hand, on the natural methods of treatment of obesity. These natural methods are also often known under the names of “parallel medicine”, “soft medicine”, or again “alternative medicine”.

Natural methods (therapies)

The natural methods of treatment of obesity advocated here to help you overcome overweight problems and remain thin are: acupuncture, aromatherapy, aural acupuncture, food complements, gemmotherapy, heliotherapy, homeopathy, hydrotherapy, oligotherapy, phytotherapy, sophrology, and finally thalassotherapy.

Those are twelve different therapies for the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac.

Of course, obesity is a complex problem, which is extremely difficult to overcome and generally requires a whole therapeutic array. But, considering the nature of each astral sign, it seems that the above-mentioned natural therapies are among the most efficacious arms, or are susceptible of giving the coup de grace to a pathology that’s already almost completely halted by other therapies. To lose a few extra pounds is one thing; to play at sorcerer’s apprentices when one has a lot of weight to lose is another thing. So beware of suicidal diets! Doctor Atkins’s famous diet, for example, is at the origin of an incredible number of coronary thromboses. By dint of abstaining from feeding oneself sufficiently, one could end with becoming anorexic and with being not only thin, but also skeleton-like and even cadaverous! Let’s agree on slimming, but not just at any price!

It’s for that reason that the diets which are proposed to you below are very soft or very short-term ones – on the whole, rather natural diets. Moreover, they have the merit of being appropriate to your own astral sign.

NGUYEN Ngoc-Rao
http://astrologizeme.com
Former correspondent of the New York Times and the Washington Post
Astrologer, writer, author of over forty books
Emeritus member of the Association for Research in Asiatic Divination and Medical Sciences (Canada)
Representative of Feng Shui Network for France

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When we look to the stars, we think of the unknown and the future, but more than any other science, astronomy is deeply rooted in the past. From Stonehenge to Galileo to the Hubble telescope, the following article details the history of astronomy

Stonehenge

The Egyptians, Mayans, and Chinese were all avid observers of the heavens. Perhaps the most recognizable example in history is Stonehenge which was built to the movements of the sun by the Neolithic people of Britain. Stonehenge was important for religious reasons, but people also believed the stars could help guide their lives and foretell events. This was true in a very practical sense: accurately predicting the seasons helped farmers plan their crop season. The stars were also a guide in the sky, used by sailors to navigate journeys.

Around the World

Astronomy was one of the first branches of knowledge to rely on mathematics. In 256 BCE the Greek mathematician Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth using the angles of shadows cast by the sun. About 140 CE Ptolemy, another Greek thinker, advanced a “geocentric” of the universe with the Sun orbiting the Earth.

The Telescope

Although Arabic astronomers and astrologers made advances over the next centuries, modern astronomy began with the invention of the telescope by Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey in 1608. The next year Galileo Galilei used a telescope and discovered craters on the Moon and the four large moons of Jupiter. Early telescopes were limited be

Golden Age of Astronomy

The twentieth century became the Golden Age of astronomy. In 1801, the discovery of the first asteroid, Ceres, started a flood of new objects in the heavens as the tools astronomers work with have grown in variety and sophistication. In 1937 Grote Reber built the first radio telescope. Technological advances made possible huge telescopes like the one at Mount Palomar which has a 200-inch mirror.

The Hubble Telescope

Today astronomers have even more exiting tools. The best known of these is the Hubble Telescope, launched into Earth orbit by space shuttle Discovery in 1990. Amazingly, the Hubble is still based on Newton’s original reflecting telescope! Yet it and other space-based instruments are so powerful they have discovered more than 200 planets orbiting other stars.

Amateur Astronomy

Astronomy is unusual because amateurs remain an important part of the search for new knowledge, discovering supernovas, comets, and other objects. For example, the famous Shoemaker-Levy comet that struck Jupiter in 1994 was co-discovered by amateur David H. Levy-and it’s only one of 22 comets he has found!

The future of astronomy is as bright as the stars astronomers study-and for the rest of us as well. It is one of the few areas in which non-professionals can actively participate in humanity’s search for knowledge.

Imagine writing a name or message in the stars and then hanging that picture in your home or giving it as a gift. You can do this at MyPersonalPrint.com! Choose from hundreds of pictures to personalize and turn into prints or note cards. Personal prints [http://www.mypersonalprint.com/Default.asp?p=632&c=27&cn=Sports+%26+Recreation&pn=Soccer+Player%27s+Name+Written+in+Stars%2C+Personalized+Print] are available as framed or unframed art in various sizes. Right now get free shipping on everything when you use the coupon code found at MyPersonalPrint.com [http://www.mypersonalprint.com]. No minimum required! The perfect gift for astronomers [http://www.mypersonalprint.com]!

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Your Solar Chart

There is order in the Universe, not chaos. There is a Creator God, a Grand Architect who brings order, not random happenings.

There is a purpose and a destiny for everything in the Universe.

The Age of Aquarius, with it’s new paradigm of the Laws of Quantum Physics, tells us that we live in a LIVING UNIVERSE.

This is a Universe that is an extension, or should I say a projection of a Divine Blueprint that exists in what we now call the Quantum Ocean, Mind of God.

We humans are extensions of the Mind of God. We are individual Souls. We are the Quanta, the smallest indivisible part of the infinite soul called the Mind of God.

Everything in our Universe is connected. From the mineral Kingdom, the vegetable kingdom, the animal kingdom, the human kingdom and all the kingdoms in between, that we are not consciously aware of.

The entire scenario is an infinite link of variable vibrations in an ascending and descending flow of consciousness, from the Mind of God to the Nil.

Shelly, the English poet put it succinctly when he wrote,
” The Everlasting Universe of things; Flows through the mind, and rolls it’s rapid wave.”

This whole orchestra of vibrations plays to the tune of the Science of Astrology.

Quantum Astrology is the science of the energy relationships between two seemingly separate energy systems.

I say seemingly, because there is no separation between any thing. Separation is the tool used by the Creator God to give us the spac

There is an Astrological Relationship between each Human energy configuration and the energy configuration that makes up our Solar System.

Although man may seem stationary on the planet Earth, the Earth and the Solar System are always moving.

It is the movement of the Earth around the Sun, in a repetitive yearly dance, with all the other planets that sets up the various resultant energy fields that interact with us.

This interaction of energy fields causes the events in our life.

There is a Divine Timing Blueprint for the movement of the Earth about the Sun. There is a Divine Blueprint for the movement of the other planets around the Sun. Their movements are exact and predictable.

Our destiny, our purpose and our individual reasons for being are etched indelibly on our individual Quantum Solar Wheel charts.

The closer each of us lives our lives according to the energies of our Solar chart, the more conscious we will become.

The Earth has a Consciousness that is is directly linked with the consciousness of man. One man or woman raises his/her level of consciousness, the level of consciousness of the planet raises as well.

And the dance does not stop there. The Consciousness of the Sun and the Solar System is directly linked with the consciousness of th Planet Earth. One man/woman raises in consciousness, the planet Earth raises in consciousness also. The Solar System raises it’s consciousness.

As the Solar System rises in Consciousness, the Galaxy which is a direct link with the consciousness of the Solar System rises.

The Galaxy rises, the Universe rises.

The Universe is a living expanding energy system, that will expand until it becomes the Mind of God.

It all starts with the individual Quantum Solar Chart of each one of us.

If we follow the Divine Blueprint laid out for us by our Divine solar chart, we will effect the whole Universe.

Just like one pebble dropped in the Ocean affects the level of water on the whole planet.

It is the “oneness” of us all. The “Oneness of us all” to be able to raise our Consciousness and to fulfill our destinies.

And that destiny is that we will all,man, planet Earth, Solar System, Galaxy, Universe expand our consciousness until we become God.

Get our your Quantum Solar Chart now and start your journey to God hood.

Ragnar Storyteller (AKA Ellis Peterson is a Korean War Vet living with his wife Lory and dog Dixie in the boonies of the Pocono Mountains. He is a retired math professor and electronics engineer. He has written over 200 articles and booklets on runes, radionics, quantum physics, viking history, orgone generators and alternate healing methods. Ragnar is 70+ but looks 50′s thanks to his inventions. You can see more of his works on his website: Ragnar Storyteller’s un-politcally correct writings on quantum physics and other stuff. click:

http://www.quantum-physics-spirituality.com/

http://www.runes-for-health-wealth-love-now.com/

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Several wonderful things are happening to man on the planet Earth. We have entered the Age of Aquarius which is the Age of Astrology, the Age of Energy and the Age of do it yourself.

We no longer have to depend on others to tell us what to do, what to think and how to live our lives.

The Laws of Quantum Physics, which is the paradigm for this new Age has blown the lid off the box that has kept us in the dark for the past 2000 + years.

We are in an Energy Age. We are Energy and we live, move and have our being within an infinite ocean of Thinking, Intelligent, Energy called the Quantum Ocean, Mind of God.

Within this infinite ocean there are an infinite number of energy matrix’s, energy patterns or like I prefer to call them, “Divine Blueprints.”

We are evolving Souls who have ‘Blinked Out’ (incarnated) out of this Quantum Ocean, Mind of God into this particular time frame.

We have chosen a particular Astrological Energy Matrix to clothe our physical body in and use to experience physical, emotional and mental life.

There are twelve of these Divine Blueprints in the Mind of God, Aries, Taurus, Gemini etc.

The exact energy configuration of these twelve Astrological signs is given to us very clearly in the Solar Chart.

A Solar Chart is divided into twelve 30 degree arcs. Each of these arcs represent a House where we experience certain functions of life.

The First House represents our personality; Second money; Third communication; Fourth home; Fifth creativity;

The wonderful thing about this Age is now we can improve on the original Solar Chart we were born with. We can increase the energies in any of the Houses within the Solar Chart.

The three most important houses, for the average man and woman are the Second house of earning money; the Sixth house of Health; and the Seventh house of relationships, ie marriage.

The Laws of Quantum Physics have told us that now we are co-creators of our own lives. Since ALL is Energy, we can use energy to improve our lives.

Each of the planets in our Solar System is also an energy. We can pick and choose any one of the planetary energies, use it’s symbolic representation, overlaying it in one of the houses of our Solar Chart and increase the energy or power in that House.

Just as our Solar Chart represents us, a symbol of a planet represents it. Jupiter is the planetary energy of increase.

To increase your money making abilities place a Jupiter symbol in your second house. To increase your health energy place the Jupiter symbol in your sixth house. To increase your chances for a happy, loving marriage (either the existing one or a new one) place the Jupiter symbol in your Seventh house.

The Jupiter symbol will attract the Jupiter energies of increase out the Quantum Ocean and power the House where you place it.

Since the Houses of your Solar chart represent the areas your experience in your life, Jupiter in the second House will increase your money making experiences. Jupiter in the sixth House ill increase your health experiences. Jupiter in your Seventh House will experience your loving relationship experience.

Thanks to another wonderful gift of the Age of Aquarius, the Internet, you can simply go to Google images and choose the Astrological Jupiter symbol you like.

Print it out and place it in the House of your choice. Be still and be patient and allow the Jupiter energies of increase to work their way into your Solar chart and into your Aura.

More Health, Wealth and Love can be yours. It is a gift from the Age of Aquarius which is a gift from the Mind of God.

Oh! And another thing. Make sure that you write your name on your Solar chart. You want Jupiter Energy to come to you and not just any one who has the same Astrological Solar chart Matrix.

Ragnar Storyteller (AKA Ellis Peterson is a Korean War Vet living with his wife Lory and dog Dixie in the boonies of the Pocono Mountains. He is a retired math professor and electronics engineer. He is the inventor of the simple radionics device called “The Nordic Ond Orgone Generator”. He has written over 200 articles and booklets on runes, radionics, quantum physics, viking history, orgone generators and alternate healing methods. Ragnar is 70+ but looks 50′s thanks to his inventions. You can see more of his works on his website: Ragnar Storyteller’s un-politcally correct writings on quantum physics and other stuff. click:

http://www.Spiritual-Quantum-Physics.builderspot.com/

or

http://www.olevikingshop.com/

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- Should she be equal to men

She is the creator of men

O Woman! Lovely woman! Nature made thee,

to temper man: we had been brutes without you

Angels are painted fair, to look like you.”

Thomas Otway

That is the power of her existence. She is truly divine in disguise of human. But it is equally important that society runs on two wheels, both the wheels must be equally strong to run smoothly. Although legally and theoretically women is now recognized as the social equal of man, but the institutions of caste, the patriarch family and the prevailing value system are still surcharge on them due to the spirit of male dominance or what  we call male chauvinism. 

But it is the power of emotion, which is the evocation of the infinite faculties of women representing her ability to scale the height of thought, love, beauty, care, affection, sacrifice and the list is endless. She is the magnificent creation of God, a multifaceted personality with the power of benevolence, adjustability, integrity and tolerance. She is the companion of man gifted with equal mental faculty protection and provider of the embodiment of love and affection. The role given to the women in society is measuring rod and true index of its civilization attainment. She is the builder and molder of a nation’s destiny. Though delicate and soft as lily, she has a heart, far stronger and bolder than of man. She is the supreme inspiration for man’s onward march.

If one happens to turn the pages of history (

It is hard fact that when men get name and fame and recognition it takes them to chauvinistic attitude, and they start considering themselves as the unconquerable monarchs, but look at the women’s modesty and generosity she accepts this looked upon attitude not to challenge the world of men but accepts it as a trifle hurdle where like other spheres she has to mark her presence, which is yet to be discovered, which is yet to have spread some vestiges of hope.  Why shouldn’t she be considered equal to men? Why? After all she plays great part in the progress of any country as the mental and physical contact of women with life is much more lasting and comprehensive than of men. “For the hands that rocks the cradle rules the world”. In women is hidden the revolutionary energy which establish paradise on this earth. She is less selfish; more dedicated to duty and have much potency than men by nature. Only elevating presence of women on the top can help bring in a semblance of order in the present situation, where she is looked upon as the mere, pitiable, weak, helpless and dependent creature. Not only this she is emotional, affectionate, caring and yet firm and is the perennial source of aspiration for man himself in the odyssey of life. Without the emancipation of women, existence of Adam was meaningless. She is the cultural backbone of the society. She is the incarnation of love and existence of men’s very presence.

This is the era of women. They are gradually emerging as a force in social cultural as well as political fields of the country. The tolerance, perseverance, inner strength, insight efficiency of a responsible and good being women help in the governance of the country on wider scale and of family in narrower sense. If men have sight women have insight. She has now occupied a pivotal position and has achieved eminence in different fields. Obstacles, yes obstacles are there in her venture of establishing her presence felt as equal to men but she continues to bind it with hope, optimism, happiness and virtue together as by an indissoluble chain. It is her power only that sets her apart from men on the lower rungs of the evolutionary ladder. Rather it will not be an exaggeration if it is said that it is only such qualities, which moulds her personality to a God like height.

 But she is the other half of men. She has got her existence from Adam’s shoulder bone not to forget the evolutions of the first Homo sapiens. Men and women are like body and soul. Like a body without a soul implies a rotting carcass, left to waste away in to nothingness. It is the sexual character which turns breathless life into an otherwise inanimate piece of clay, transforming it into a living piece of creation. It means it is through their complementary relationship only life is generated, so where is the space left to discriminate between them. There are just small oblivions which need to be replaced with shining world which should echo concrete jingles of equal and hormonal relationship between men and women. After all nothing is perfect.

Sangeeta Chaudhary                         Astrology and Blue Sapphire

Saturn can be the greatest friend – understand saturn and proppitiate saturn and see the valuable great blessings of lord Saturn

It is the Stars. The Stars above us govern our conditions.

Shakespeare:

King Lear, Act IV

Human desires are controlled by cosmic rotation of planets. It is quite bold statement as the scientists who want facts and facts only to prove the existence of metaphysical forest of knowledge, can challenge it. But let us simplify it with an illustration, as we know that desire for Knowledge is the evidence of Soul or Spirit _ it is the dividing line, separating Mankind from the animals. By Knowledge Man only becomes free__ free from the fate that ignorance would condemn him to bear. Like suppose one knew that heavy stone was at that moment falling from the roof, towards one’s head. As a sensible person, one would jump aside and be saved__ but the stone would continue to fall. In other words, the law or cause that might have killed the man is here represented__ he escaped only because he was protected by knowledge.

As Saturn’s and Mars planets were recently came closer to each other was something which was bound to happen, it was cosmic law _ not to be changed can never be changed.

All we have to take care of is to protect ourselves from the negative vibrations of the movement of the planets. But question lies that how to protect and can it be possible. Yes, it is possible and can definitely be done. It is just simple like a person’s health seriously affected at a certain period of time and as a sensible person one would escape the threatened break or try to minimize the consequences by consulting doctor and taking medicine. Doctor for planetary malfunction and benefaction is Astrology, which offers number of medicaments. One of the important measures is wearing precious stones to minimize the evil effect of planets.

Blue Sapphire or neelam or sauri ratna or shani priya removes evil effects of Saturn. It has the power of elevating ones status right from social life to professional life. It brings name, fame and wealth to its user. But caution is required as it can bring misfortune too. So it is advisable to first test it for a week or so before final wearing. But should all the people suffering from afflicted Saturn, wear it? No, let us know who all should wear it and when to wear it and other reasonable information about this stone.

Shani or Saturn is the presiding deity of longevity, calamities, spiritual wisdom and difficulties. It is both giver and destroyer. In all the twelve zodiac signs it resides for the period of 2 ½ years. When it resides in horoscope in 12th, 2nd and 1st house it resides for 7 ½ years, when it transits over moon from the previous house to the next house where moon is located takes 7 1/2 years to move which is called sarrsati. During this period it troubles the native financially, physically and sometimes to the extent of loss of social image.

There are also the great examples of saturn making Kings and emperors and Prime Ministers in this period or its major period . Saturn can be the greatest friend not foe . Depends on it’s location and other aspects in the horoscope.

Indira Gandhi ruled India as one of the strongest prime ministers in the history of free and democratic India. This was in the major period of Saturn . During Saturn’s major period or transitory phases one can be advised to wear blue sapphire. Also people born in Capricon rashi and lagna, Acquarious rashi and lagna, Taurus rashi and lagna, Gemini rashi and lagna, Virgo rashi and lagna, Libra rashi and lagna can wear this stone. Zodiac signs Cancer, Leo and Pisces should not even try to wear it.

Saturn exalts in Libra and deblitates in Aries .Gets combusted if it is within the 15 degrees orb of Sun. Saturn is known as the son Sun God .

Indian astrological scientists have also invented many other methods to please the God Saturn. However here it is the subject of blue saffires and astrology .

According to numerology people born on the dates 8, 17, and 26 can wear this stone. It is believed that it has the power to ease anxiety, attract love, gain social respect, fetch financial profits, calms anger and controls negative emotions. It is also associated with the power of curing diseases like rheumatism, colic, weak eyesight, dental infirmities, deafness, baldness, arthritis, alcoholism, depression, frustration and mental illness. It can also gift the user with the special power of remembering past lives and give telepathic powers to its user.

Academically it helps the user to excel in the field of engineering, in automobile industry, iron industry and help in maintaining cordial relationship with the employees. People with strong Saturn are gifted with the quality of managing masses .

One should be cautious of not wearing coral, ruby and pearl along with this stone. It should be worn on Saturday and be worn on second finger of right hand and weight should be 5 to 7 carats or rattis and should be set in silver. It can be substituted with lapis lazuli, malachite or amethyst.

There should be no cracks, black spot and chipped edges. One should test it before wearing. Keep it under your pillow or your pocket for 3-4 days if pleasant dreams come it is good but if bad dreams occur don’t wear it.

Sapphires are second in hardness, next to diamond and therefore don’t need much of care. Before wearing it wash it in rose water and immersed it in milk for one hour during the first hour starting from sunrise of first Saturday to the next Saturday.

Sapphires are found in India, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Russia, Thailand, Australia, U.S.A, U.K., Nepal, Mexico, Zambia and Nigeria. In India they are found in Jammu and Kashmir and are considered the best in the world.

Sapphires are epitome of love, loyalty, friendship, sympathy, harmony, emotions and yearning. They are all time favorite stones for the occasion of engagement or marriage. It is considered as the, stone of stones, and easily be identified. All we have to do is to check inclusions, which can be seen with naked eyes if it is not the same than it is not the genuine one. The inclusions are generally like feathers or like finger print impressions.

So be careful when you buy one for yourself.

Astrology and Venus

Venus is the nearest planet to the earth and scientist has nicknamed it as morning and evening star. Sometimes people don’t recognize it and call the police because they think that it is UFO or some alien spaceship. It is quite similar to earth and astrologers take it as signpost of love, sex, optimistic attitude, physical attraction, art, and affection and represents the receptive, emotional , passive and female principles..

In esoteric astrology Venus is regarded as the abode of concrete knowledge. Venus house conjunction shows how you express socially, romantically, and aesthetically in the different areas of the life cycle. Venus brings a sense of harmony, refinement and aesthetic taste to the house it occupies. Venus is the planet of pleasure as it is said that when on journey your car gets a puncture it is mostly to be occurred near gas station. In mythology Venus, or Aphrodite, is considered as the goddess of love. It represents femininity, sensuousness, it is the soft feeling of baby powder on one’s palm, the feeling of sand on one’s hand, the scent of wild flowers, it takes us for trip to earthly pleasures.

Venus retrogrades every 18 months for 6 weeks.

In Gustus Holst’s musical composition The Planets, Venus is called Bringer of peace. It is the ruling planet of Libra and Taurus. It is the planet of Friday. In Chinese astrology it is associated with the element metal.

In its sleeping state it can make man lethargic, sluggish, vain and preoccupied with appearance. It makes us just like a large woman eating chocolate and continuously watching T.V and lying on the sofa. It then makes one passive, inert, and unable to make positive changes.

In its awakened state it becomes the healer, with total balance between mind, body and soul. It blesses one with perfection of form, shape, art, and beauty in artistic piece of work. Strange but world’s greatest artist are all men. It makes one stylish luxury lover, selective, charming and easy going. Retro gradation of Venus. During Venus retrograde love impulses, attractions, values, relationships, money and possessions are altered and do not function in their usual way. This means it is the time to go and finish pending work also it deals with deep feelings of past events. They are activated internally and difficult to express externally. It is the time to know you, time to have a peep in what and why you prioritize those things which might have been waspish for others but comfortable to you. It is the time to tune your instincts for guidance.

As far as money is concerned you need to bother extravagant expenditure try to look beyond surface appearances. Also try to pocket information than actually buying things for you for instance you can sit on net and browse right from fashion tips to business tips than actually spending on them. This is the time which makes you rethink and reanalyze your decisions than implementing them in true sense.

In Vedic Astrology Venus represents Poetics, Aesthetics, and Rhetoric. Research says that most of the greatest poets and artists have Venus in their horoscope. Like Tennyson, Byron, Aurobindo, Omar Khyam and Tagore. During this time avoid weddings, opening fashion houses, beauty salon, art gallery, launching of a women magazine, buying expensive items, radical changes in personal looks and investments, parties and social events etc.

We should rather during this time try to clean the house and throw the things of no value or importance. We should also ask genuinely for forgiveness, try to remove the differences in relationship , contact the old friends to maintain relationships and develop unconditional love by doing prayers, meditations and through spiritualism.

Women and Photography

Photography is the art of reproducing pictures of people, nature or any depiction of values, sentiments, emotions, or actions through the instrument or device called camera. Like other discoveries the world of photography has undergone sudden and gradual changes from the camera without the film to the development of film with the method of photogram that is a method of making permanent images.

Life has taken a new dimension with the modern concept of photography. We have now various types of photography, like we have aerial photography, art photography, studio or advertising photography, outdoor and travel photography, photojournalism, and sports photography.

It is said the history has become more interesting because of those momentary clicks which gives life to past in present. And this meaningful life has the great of contribution of women folk in it like they are excelling in the field of medical sciences, teaching line, aeronautical sciences etc. they have made a special place in the field of photography also. Yes, once again the field which was considered as the men’s sole hierarchy. Actually hurdle is not the competition but it is the material used, which was not only smelly but has sort of hit and miss affair, which makes the profession a thought over for women, and moreover the equipments required for the photography are cumbersome.

The most illuminating fact still lies in the fact that women have entered in this profession way back during First World War. We have names like Lotte Jacobi, Aenne Biermann and Yva who have established themselves as renowned photographers of their time and have portrayed the pictures of self-dramatization. The way to success in this field was also not easy. Whenever the women used to shoot and work along with team of men or their husbands it was always their men co-partners or their husbands who used to pocket fame.

In this field also we have classes. First class is the behind the scene class which takes care of all the printing work from the negatives for which they get very less remunerations. Second class is assistance classes, which assist the women customers in toilettes, sit at reception, take orders, collect the cash and maintain good PR’S. Third class is the class of actual photographers who has brains to master their skills in this field. It has given more successful names of women in this field than . Various exhibitions have been organized to depict the journey of women photographers from the First World War to the period of Nazism.

Substantial cash awards are announced every year for upcoming women photographers, competitions and many federations have also been formed to encourage few women talent in this field. We have names like:

Christina Broom is regarded as the first British woman press photographer. The number of events she covered included Derby Day, at Epsom, Surrey, investitures of monarchs, women suffrage demonstrations, the Oxford and Cambridge Boat race, and the Royal Mews at Buckingham Palace. Nancy Ford cones is another name who operated in Ohio. She received second prize for a photograph entitled ” Threading the Needle” in a Kodak competition. Clementina Hawarden was awarded a medal by the (then) Photographic Society, though she died aged forty-two, before receiving the award. The Victoria and Albert Museum, London owns many of her prints.

And the names are still adding. The work of photography by women presents striking portrayal of beauty, strife, sorrow, and dignity. Many so-called photographic works by the women bog the admirers with its picaresque quality. And in this they are more careful than men to tailor their work simply and effectively and which provides the reader with a fascinating and diverse view of photography at its best

Ageless entrepreneurs: Timeless Principles

Who is an entrepreneur?

The word entrepreneur derives from the French word “entre” (to enter) and “prendre” (to take), and literally it means the one who knows to synchronize… between his intellect and assets to accumulate gains (material as well as spiritual).

“It is not magic; it is not mysterious; it has nothing to do with genes. It is a discipline, and, like any discipline, it can be learned.”–Drucker. 1985 (1)Entrepreneurship is about a way of thinking and behaving. Entrepreneurs are people who are engaged in the process of creating and building something of value from practically nothing. They focus on doing and producing rather than watching and talking. Success flows to them as they focus on sensing opportunities, marshalling resources, taking calculated risks and pushing ideas through to reality, entrepreneurial thinking in action.

God: The greatest enterpreneur

Aesthetically or in the world of cosmos God is the greatest, original, ageless, omnipresent and omnipotent enterpreneur who has through his architectural skills and supernatural skills has created the LIFE . He is beyond time and space and is the initiater of huge energy field of this undestructible cosmos. To simplify He can make 24 more universes. The present universe actually has the speed to expand at the speed of light. God has used just 4% of the energy in creating this .That explains the enormous abundance and affluence available for the man kind to avail by using mind rightly. It is not being used more than 20% yet . Since man is the outcome of God’s manifestations, He has made him combination of intellect, emotions, spiritualism, intuitive powers and knowledge which embibes man with collective entrepreneurship so to call consciousness.

The seed : THOUGHT

A man’s mind is like a garden. If we plant good seeds, we will have a good garden. But if we don’t plant anything, something will grow and they will be weeds. That is nature’s law. As someone has rightly said: Our thoughts are causes You sow a thought, you reap an action. You sow an action, you reap a habit. You sow a habit, you reap a character. You sow a character, you reap a destiny. It all starts with a thought. “Precisely it all starts with right approach with right timings, of course age is not the restriction for entrepreneurship. I happened to read a story in one of the books which briefly sums up the approach taken by an entrepreneur. It runs like this: A man died and St. peter asked him if he would like to go to heaven or hell. The man showed his interest to visit both before taking final decision. He was taken to hell first where he saw a big hall with a long table, lots of food on it and music playing. He also saw rows of people with pale , sad faces. They looked starved and there was no laughter. He also found that these people were tied to four foot forks and knives and they were trying to get the food from the table to put into their mouths, but they couldn’t. After that he visited heaven. He found same things and people like in hell. But he got flabbergasted seeing the people there as they were laughing and were well-fed and healthy looking. He noticed that they were feeding one another across the table. The result was happiness, prosperity, enjoyment and gratification because they were not thinking of themselves alone but they were thinking to win. The same is true of lives of entrepreneurs. For example:

Once colgate company’s Md was visited by a consultant who after hard struggle got an appointment with him. He proposed the MD to increase the sale of the co. by 80 percent ( appx.) with his idea only. Reluctant but seeing consultant’s confidence, strong will, belief in self and spitfire gave him an opportunity to give his idea and rest is the story which everybody knows that he proposed to make the colgate tubes of plastic than that of aluminium and also by increasing the mouth of the tube by few cms which brought him position and also money. The owner of pan parag masala also made his fortune by introducing small pouches of pan parag so that general mass can also afford that, which thereafter brought a revolution in the business market of goods . Bill gates the richest man in the world is another example who has revolutionized the world of communications throgh the internet and by creating infrastructure for super information highway. One can call George Bush also the great entrepreneur who is making a protection cell for his country’ s energy security by enhancing oil wealth. Dhirubhai Ambani is another great entrepreneur who established the biggest fortune 500 company in the private sector, though he just started his struggle around the middle age. He came from small village family of gujrat in India and did not have formal education. He has left behind a legend Reliance group which is the pride of India . There are entrepreneurs in all the fields. Alexander the great , Ghengis Khan ,Ashoka the great were warrior entrepreneurs. Columbus who discovered America the greatest country of present times was an adventurist entrepreneurs. There are entrepreneurs in sciences , trading , entertainment , acting , media , politics , writing etc. There are many whom we can name but the list is unending. So the seed is thought if one knows what to get from where, how, when, why and from whom one has the calibre to establish oneself as the greatest enterpreneur. Napoleon Hill wrote Henry Ford never saw the face of school but had these qualities. By and large everyone of us has the potential only the degree varies from person to person and society to society and environment to environment and country to country.

The principles

Shiv khera has rightly said that “winners don’t do different things. They do things differently. “Enterpreneurs seek perfection in everything they do. They have the guiding principles like having confidence mastered by positive thinking. They have the sixth sense of making their failures their success. That is, they learn from their failures more. They do right thing for the right reason and in right time, they are not carried away by their impulses what brings them credibility is controlling their senses, things etc. instead of being controlled by them. Their best resource is the human resource as they build trust by developing mutual respect with people. They make the most obscure the known and important thing which not only generates wealth for them but also help them in removing obstacles to bring effectiveness and positive results. They know that success can be achieved if they abide by spiritualism and materialism together. They are able to relax in action and act in relaxation as they are not afraid of vacuum bringers like fear, ineffective beliefs, darkness, as they know that these are absences which vanish when the light is there as after every night there is new brighter morning and the Sun shining. King Soloman believed there is always a Sun meridian time as the Sun is always shining some where on the planet . It never sets for the bright thinkers. Precisely they do things differently. Some loopholes Just the desire to make lot of money, having heard that many entrepreneurs have, is not a basis of bringing fame and name as entrepreneurs. Prone to negative thoughts, insomnias, ignorance, problem creators, pessimism, excuses, selfish people, egoist, lack of planning, lack of training, lack of persistence, lack of priorities, procrastination, lack of discipline, fear of failing, fear of rejection, inability to use talent etc. are some troubleshooters which actually has produced unsuccessful entrepreneurs. Some Strategies Some people have a knack for discerning opportunities in ordinary events. But there are things you can do. Attend lectures. Read books. biographies, go through magazines. dream , visualise creatively . Observe what other people are doing. And talk to others who are involved in similar ventures. The smallest key is collect ideas, organize them, develop them in the form of planning, ask questions, think pros and cons, omit what you think is energy sucker or default, and finally reorganize and shoot.

The moral If you want to be a successful entrepreneur build in the insight, the vision, which makes one the best, successful and renowned entrepreneur. As there is a saying:

” Where the vision is one year, cultivate flowers, Where the vision is ten years, cultivate trees, Where the vision is eternity, cultivate people.” So think win and be a winner. “

Success desires you to remain away from guilt .

Swami A. Parthasarthy qouted from Bhagwad Geeta , Sin is not in the action , it is the reaction which rebounds after the action .

Plan and take such actions the reaction of which does not make you guilty . Such action of an entrepreneur becomes divine action and no stress can touch you .

Swami Chinmayananda mentioned in his version of Bhagwad Geeta about perfection. The difference between your planning and action is the measure of your lack of perfection. Planning and action go hand in hand for a great entrepreneur whether it is spiritualism or materilaism .You have all the powers within yourselves .

Free resume writing tips

To stand out of the crowd in the field of employment one should know the dexterity of creating a bond with one’s perspective employer. Since most employers spend a few minutes (or less!) looking over each resume they receive, it’s important to package your credentials in an appealing and concise format.

Make your own resume more compelling — by selling your strengths to employers! The goal of your resume is to make an employer want to interview you. It’s a powerful marketing tool that promotes who you are, what you want to do, and the value you will bring to an organization. Tailor it for each individual position. Usually it does not entail too much extra work. It is more a question of emphasizing certain things and de-emphasizing others based on the values placed highly by that employer. The best way to select information that belongs on your resume is to think like an employer. Ask yourself, “If I were hiring a person for this position, what training and experience would be related” Give brief, specific, positive information that would be of interest to your next employer. Do not give unrelated or negative information. Your resume writing can either make or break a job opportunity.

Formats

Your resume introduces you to potential employers. Find out how to write one that will make a good impression. Learn about different resume formats.

There is no right or wrong format, as long as your resume is concise, readable, and presents your qualifications in the best possible light.

Reverse Chronological resumes work best for people who have a strong, continuing work history with progressively more responsible positions. Presents material in reverse chronological order starting with the most recent job and then working backwards. Highlights the progress you’ve made in your jobs. unctional resumes work best for entry level, career changes, and those with gaps in their work history. Emphasizes your skills and accomplishments by listing experiences by major functional areas. Skills and accomplishment oriented resumes may be more effective by showing the employer what you can do for him or her based on education, training, or prior experience and accomplishments. Your resume is a profile of your skills, job experience and accomplishments. It is your opportunity to emphasize your strengths, education and talents. Combination resumes combine the chronological and functional formats to highlight selected jobs. A combination of the two may be used to highlight your experience or accomplishments gained from multiple jobs, or career changes. There are 3 popular online resume formats used widely today. These online resume formats include ASCII Text, HTML and PDF.

ASCII Text is basic text that you would use in an email message. HTML is markup language that used to build web pages. The PDF format is Adobe’s format for presenting documents that are embedded within page and cannot be edited. PDF’s are formatted more like a graphical picture, with improved formatting for viewing text images.

Some basics

· Use 8-1/2″ x 11″ paper, 1-2 pages

· Choose ivory, white, cream, buff or light gray paper

· Use personal computer, word processor, typewriter or typesetting

· Keep margins 1″ wide at sides and bottom

· Check for and correct any spelling, punctuation, typing or grammatical

errors

· Write short and to-the-point statements

· Keep it brief; write a summary, not a life history!

· Use short phrases beginning with action words to demonstrate

accomplishments and results

· Provide positive and honest information

· Use a simple, professional, easy-to-read style

· Emphasize important information by underlining or using capital letters when

appropriate, but don’t overdo it.

· Don’t list wages, company street addresses, references, salary

requirements, personal problems

· Provide examples of your qualifications

10 common pitfalls to avoid when preparing your résumé:

1. Your résumé should show a clear match between your skills and experience and the job’s requirements. A general résumé with no sharp focus is not seen as competitive. Why are you the best person for this particular position?

2. A solid résumé is much more than a summary of your professional experience; it’s a tool to market yourself. Avoid phrases like “responsibilities included” or “duties included.” Your résumé should not be a laundry list of your duties but rather an announcement of your major accomplishments. Information on a résumé should be listed in order of importance to the reader. Don’t ask employers to wade through your hobbies first. Dates of employment are not as important as job titles.

3. Education should be emphasized if you are freshly out of school and have little work experience; otherwise, put it at the end. If your résumé is difficult to read or key information is buried, it’s more likely to be cast aside.

4. Résumés that go too far back into the job seeker’s work history can put that person at risk for possible age discrimination. Does anyone really need to read about your high school job bagging groceries, especially when that was 20 years ago? The rule of thumb for someone at a senior level is to list about the last 15 years worth of professional experience.

5. Don’t forget to bullet the important skills that make you a standout in your field. Your objective is to play up the value that you will bring to a prospective employer. Emphasize how you will add worth to the company, not the reason you want the job. Employers are looking for someone to enhance the organization, not their own résumé.

6. Try to stay away from the cookie-cutter résumé templates that employers see constantly. Show a little imagination when writing and designing your résumé. But don’t overdo it. Overly artistic or tiny fonts are a no-no, since they’re hard to read and don’t scan or photocopy well.

7. If your Web site includes photos of your cat or your personal blog about what you did over the weekend, don’t steer prospective employers there by including it on your résumé. Keep your personal and your professional life separate in order to be taken seriously.

8. Your résumé is your one chance to make a first impression. A typo or misspelled word can lead an employer to believe that you would not be a careful, detail-oriented employee.

9. Everyone wants to present his or her work experience in the most attractive light, but information contained on your résumé must be true and accurate. Whether you’re simply inflating past accomplishments or coming up with complete fabrications, lying is simply a bad idea. Aside from any moral or ethical implications, chances are you’ll eventually get caught and lose all credibility.

10. A common mistake is neglecting to mention any extra education, training, volunteer work, awards, or recognitions that might pertain to your particular job area or industry. Many

Resume Writing Tips

Begin by determining your objective (do this prior to writing the resume).

Your Resume Objective is the first thing employers will read — make sure it’s great! Your resume will be first scanned for only a few seconds. Your resume objective must capture them and sell them a value.

Too many resume objectives are written with the job seeker’s desire in mind. For example, A sales position where my creativity and skill can be utilized with room for growth!

The above statement does nothing for your employer.

This is all about You! Give them what they want! Answer their question, “what can you do for me?”

Your resume objective should not be YOUR resume objective, but should be your employer’s objective.

Your job is to make a match! Lure them in towards reading the rest of your resume by demonstrating right away, that you know what they need.

Example

OBJECTIVE: Sales position in need of custom 10 years’ experience meeting sales quotas.

Qualification

It should be mirror to your academics giving in clear picture. For e.g

Example1. 17 years of experience in the finance, service and consumer industries. Expertise in computerized insurance tracking, development of sales territory, sales and customer service training, and operations supervision. Special skills in: Production/Operation, Training Supervision, Customer Service, Field Service Coordination, Budget Management, Problem Solving.

Example 2. Top sales performer in computer software. Increased new accounts by 35%.Achieved top sales award for 3 consecutive years. Developed Internet strategies for various clients in 13 Western states.

Example 3. Veteran photojournalist with extensive regional, national and international experience. A track record of unhesitatingly accepting assignments at a moment’s notice whenever the situation demands. Strong indep worker, as well as a contributing team member.

Guidelines for writing Resume

· Know your audience before you begin writing your resume.

· Your resume must be consistent with the position you are pursuing.

· Choose your language carefully and proofread. Your resume

· must be free of spelling, grammar, punctuation, or typographical errors.

· Tailor your resume to your prospective employer’s needs.

· Highlight the skills and abilities that will make you’re an attractive candidate.

· If possible, use a computer to prepare your resume. There are computer programs that make it easy to produce a professional looking resume. You’re Wisconsin Job Center, school, library, or quick print shop can help.

· Do not include irrelevant personal information (age, weight, height, marital status, etc.).

· Do not include salary and wages.

· Center or justify all headings. Don’t use abbreviations.

· Use bullets with short sentences rather than lengthy paragraphs. Resumes are read quickly, therefore make key phrases stand out. Bulleting information will help the reader view your accomplishments.

· Use action words – words like prepared, managed, developed, championed, monitored, and presented will cause your resume to stand out.

· You should always use %’s, $’s and #’s. Dollar totals, numbers, and percentages stand out in the body of a resume.

· Above all in your resume and interview – you must be positive. Therefore, leave off negatives and irrelevant points. If you feel your graduation date will subject you to age discrimination, leave it off your resume. If you do some duties in your current job that don’t support your job search objective, don’t mention them.

Proofread thoroughly

* Use bullet points and indents to set off accomplishments or add emphasis.

* Electronic and Scanned resumes have a different set of guidelines, however it is still important to create a stunning resume you will mail or hand deliver to your contacts.

You can determine keywords by reviewing:

* Job descriptions from previous positions you have held

* Techniques that you use

* The Dictionary of Occupational Titles

* The Occupational Outlook Handbook

* Industry/Professional and Technical organizations

* Professional/Technical acronyms i.e., HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

* Buzzwords specific to a profession or industry

* Job postings or classified advertisements

* Local government job service agencies

* Recruiters job descriptions

* Associates who work in the same field

* What YOU should NEVER include in your resume

* Age

* False information

* Marital status

* Health

* Number of children and their ages

* Hob Photographs

* Race

* Religion

* Detailed description of non-relevant jobs

* Controversial information (i.e., political affiliation)

* Social Security number

* Anything Negative

* bies or dangerous activities (unless job-related)

Women Entrepreneurs

The ladder of success

Recently Indira Vishnampet , The CEO and founder of Hydus, Inc. (Houston) a solutions provider in enterprise integration and enterprises data management_ has been rewarded as the Outstanding Woman Entrepreneur for the year 2007 for her professional achievements.

SOME SUCCESS STORIES

Is she the only one who has brought laurels. What makes a woman a successful entrepreneur is not what we call family background or luck.

Shanaz Hussain is the famous woman entrepreneur who won India ‘s highest honor Padma Shree in the field of natural beauty and anti-ageing treatments but she accumulated all fame with the dint of her accepting new challenges, listening to her instincts to be innovative and enhancing her foresight and accomplishing her goals. She is the real entrepreneur.

Success came abruptly to housewife turn entrepreneur Mrs. Vibha Bahl , founder and Managing Director FUN FOODS, INDIA , who started her career as businesswoman by taking homemade flavored yoghurt to Diwali Mela and they ended up selling like hot cakes. And her journey of success started way back in 1984. Now she has over 200 people working under her in three factories and a range of 120 products to her credit.

Betsy Fein , the president of Clutterbuster , was once serving as human resource director, who after getting fired from her job decided to forget chasing the rat race; instead she thought to own something with more flexibility and more time for her kids, friends and family members and lo! She discovered her innate quality of home organizing which her town, her friends and family. The business which she started with a shoestring budget has now flourished and is a recognized industry leader.

ARE THEY DIFFERENT.

They are not different. Difference lies in recognizing their existing potential.

This potential is an embodiment of self confidence , talent, versatility, realizing ones own empowerment, trusting your gut feeling, balance between professional and family life and above all is cultivating desire to produce par excellence mind body and soul.

IS BUSINESS THEIR CUP OF TEA?

Behind every success story there is some motivational factor. But being themselves motivators women Entrepreneurs are not handicapped to any man of body and soul rather they generate them with their sense of intuition, building strong relations and hierarchy with the spirituality.

Talking about statistical data it is found that raising a venture capital is not only men’s territory but it is surveyed that women led companies excelled by ten percent in different walks of business. Reason behind is their result orientation, focus on action and breaking shackles of restrictions and marching towards sustaining powerhouse of fund raising. Isn’t that sounding unusual?

WHO ALL SUPPORT

If we give a peep to Diary Industry in India we find that credit for its being No.1 in milk production goes to women who have been the facilitators and promoters of this industry. There should be follow-up development programs for such women who are in a way small unrecognized entrepreneurs. Some of the organizations like CFTRI etc are trying to crystallize turning micro zone industries to national agenda. This sort of support definitely empower woman to remove the gender bias and kiss the feet of success as COMPLETE WOMAN. Besides the support of government they themselves are the motivators. Women Entrepreneurs are not handicapped to any man of body and soul rather they generate them with their sense of intuition, building strong relations and hierarchy with the spirituality.

WHAT MOTIVATES THEM.

Women as a matter of fact can be entrepreneurs if they pocket few value points, which can be their weaknesses actually. The demarcation between wining and loosing, personal failures shouldn’t be taken as defeats and mistakes which are inevitable in business and above all following the rule of first collecting, organizing. Developing, modifying, and ready to shoot and success is touching your feet can help the lead. Women entrepreneurs climb the ladder of success with the deep and intense faith in their potential, discovering their positives to turn into self love and self acceptance, not hesitant to be opportunist to make the chain of associates, capacity to take educated risks, be persistent in taking maximum gains from their efforts and empowering their vision beyond achieving goals .

How to recognize yourself as Entrepreneurs?

If you are result oriented, you are gifted with entrepreneurial powers. If you are believer in action, you can be an entrepreneur. If you have spontaneous and independent thinking you are blessed with entrepreneurial qualities. If you can equate between business and family you are the one who can rule the world with entrepreneurial skills. If you can nurture innate power and professional power within simultaneously you are an entrepreneur. If you have the ability to catch up fast in this patriarchic society without hurting their chauvinism you are the real and successful entrepreneur. If you are national as well as international business information savvy, you are the one. (Though formal knowledge is not obligatory but latest know how’s of technology is the boon). If you are energetic, creative, and imaginative and have passion to do things in your own way you have the potential to be entrepreneur. If you are opportunity realizer, idea facilitator and promoter you can find yourself finally landing into business. If you have a notion that once you start your venture you have to serve to the world the same way as you serve YOUR FAMILY you are an entrepreneur.

Some secret steps to be successful entrepreneurs are:

Ø Set your goals

Ø Plan investment , resources and gains thereafter , beforehand only

Ø Stay in tune with people who can help to make you come in limelight

Ø Shoot the target and lo! Gains flow in.

Ø Review your plans

Ø Look for customer to buy your idea/product

Get rid of that insecurity demon

Overcome those fears of not having enough capital, lack of family support, lack of confidence and lack of right public and private institutions just listen to your soul’s voice the real you the real entrepreneur.

Some Motivational guidelines

Exposure and stimulation : travel all the distances to get exposed ,to people of power, to resources, to knowledge , to communication industry and whatever can help you .

Encourage Mentoring : be in the company of people with positive thinking coz they fill with enthusiasm and encouragement.

Create Support system : Internet, social circle and above all aim high to get quick and positive results

Learn to deal with failures : take failure as a challenge recollect all your flaws work upon and make them your strengths.

Don’t doubt your viability : don’t confront with your talented soul. Crave for unquenchable thirst of power and pelf and ways will automatically open up for you.

Open up all the avenues : realize your dreams and be generous to open up all the avenues to let profit flow in from all the directions.

So if you have a compelling idea and well thought of executing it .Be passionate about it, build the sources and sell your idea.

Yes, I can see a woman entrepreneur emerging.

 Sangeeta Chaudhary

Sangeeta Chaudhary

m.a eng, m.ed, german interpreter

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