Space Technology

By: Dr. Megha V. Nagmote
Effect of pre emergence weedicide on yield attributes, yield and quality of summer groundnut in inceptisol soil.

       Megha V. Nagmote and  A. D. Kadlag

   Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry Mahatma Phule Krishi         Vidyapeeth, Rahuri-413722, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.

 

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Abstract : The present investigation was carried out by conducting an field experiment.  The field experiment was carried out at Post Graduate Institute Research Farm, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri  during summer 2002-03 and 2003-04 to assess the effect of pre emergence weedicide on yield attributes and yield of groundnut in Inceptisol soil. The soil of experimental area is grouped under Inceptisol soil order belonging to Sawargaon (Pather)   soil   series.  There   are    fourteen    treatment   comprised   of  pre emergence weedicide application viz., oxyfluorfen, alachlor, fluchloralin and pendimethalin in graded dose, weedy check and weed control. The highest number of pegs were recorded by alachlor @ 2.0 kg a.i. ha-1 during 2002-03, 2003-04 and pooled mean. The application of pendimethalin @ 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00 kg a.i. ha-1 were recorded the less number of pods during 2002-03 and pooled mean. The higher pod yield was recorded by fluchloralin @ 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 during 2002. The application of alachlor @ 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1 recorded the higher haulm yield during 2003-04, 2003-04 and pooled mean. The protein and oil content of groundnut were found the highest in weedy check treatment during 2002-03, 2003-04 and pooled mean.

 

Oilseed crops have been the backbone of agricultural economy of India. Groundnut is an important legume cum oil seed crops in India particularly in the state of Maharashtra. Commercially and nutritionally it is an important source of vegetable oil and agriculturally serves to improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen through Rhizobium bacteria. Groundnut ranks first among oilseed crops of India. Unlike other crops, groundnut has poor competitive ability against weeds due to its slow growth behaviour. If the real position of the problem is not seriously viewed at proper time this may give rise to unwarranted speculations and danger to our plants, soils, animals and human health at large. It is, therefore, very essential to generate information on behaviour of these herbicides in soils.

Material and methods - The field experiment was carried out on groundnut in two successive years during summer 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 at Post Graduate Institute Farm, Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry on Sawargaon (Pather) soil series of inceptisols, to study the effect of pre emergence weedicides on yield attributes  yield of groundnut in inceptisol soil. Geographically, the location of Central Campus, MPKV, Rahuri is situated between 19°47’ – 19°57’ N latitude and 74°19’ E longitude. The groundnut seed (SB-XI) was obtained from the Groundnut Breeder, Groundnut Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. Commercial grade urea (46 % N), single super phosphate (16% P2O5) and muriate of potash (60% K2O) were used to supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively. The experiment was laid out with fourteen treatment replicated three times in randomized block design. Plot size Gross – 6.00 m x 3.60 m, Net – 5.30 m x 3.30 m Spacing 30 cm x 15 cm. Treatment details are Oxyfluorfen 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 Oxyfluorfen 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1, Oxyfluorfen 2.0 kg a.i. ha-1, Alachlor 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1, alachlor 2.0 kg a.i. ha-1, Alachlor 4.0 kg a.i. ha-1, Fluchloralin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1, Fluchloralin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1, Fluchloralin 3.00 kg a.i. ha-1, Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 Pendimethalin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1, Pendimethalin 3.00 kg a.i. ha-1, Weedy check, Control (Weed free check). Observations to be recorded number of peg formation, number of pod formation,  pod yield, haulm yield,. oil content, protein content. The data obtained in different observation were processed statistically by using randomized block design as described by Panse and Sukhatme (1968).

Result and Discussion - The effect of pre emergence weedicide on number of pegs and pod in summer groundnut are presented in Table 1. The number of pegs in summer groundnut were at par by the weedicide application in 2002-03, 2003-04 and pooled mean.  However, it  was  significantly  higher  in  application of alachlor @ 2.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (187.67) in 2002-03. The numerical values of number of pegs were increased with an increased application of oxyfluorfen (Table 1).  This   was   might   be   due   to  higher  levels of oxyfluorfen control the weeds in summer groundnut than their lower levels which may provides weed free environment,  reduced the moisture, nutrient and sunlight energy competition. The observations are in conformity with the Prakash et al. (2000), Pandey et al. (2001), Dharkar et al. (2002) and Sharma and Jain (2002 )

                   The pre emergence weedicide in summer groundnut significantly affected the pod and haulm yield of groundnut during both the years and in pooled mean. (Table 2). The pod yield of summer groundnut was significantly higher during 2002-03 (23.91 q ha-1), 2003-04 (22.83 q ha-1) and pooled mean (23.37 q ha-1) in control treatment.  The pre emergence weedicide alachlor @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 and fluchloralin @ 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1  were at par for pod yield (20.90 and 21.35 q ha-1 respectively) during 2002-03.  However, during 2003-04 control treatment was significantly superior for pod yield (22.83 q ha-1).  The variation in pod yield between the year of experimentation might be because of seasonal effect.  The variation in pod yield was also ascertained by the varied morphological characters viz., number of leaves, pods, pegs etc. These observations are in conformity with the Sharma and Jain (2002), Wanjari et al. (2001) and Kumar and Tiwari (2004). In general, use of pre emergence weedicide in summer groundnut reduced the pod yield.  However, the use of fluchloralin, alachlor and oxyfluorfen were more safe and beneficial for pod yield.  The use of pendimethalin had adverse effect on pod yield.

                   The haulm yield of summer groundnut was significantly influenced by the use of pre emergence weedicide during 2002-03, 2003-04 and pooled mean.  The use of oxyfluorfen @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 recorded the highest haulm yield (62.57 q ha-1) followed by alachlor @ 2.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (61.49 q ha-1).           The haulm yield of summer groundnut was numerically higher during 2003-04 than 2002-03. This was because of seasonal variations. Whereas, pendimethalin has adverse effect on haulm yield of summer groundnut.  These observations were also found by Kushwaha and Kushwaha (2001), Kumar and Tiwari (2004), Chauhan et al. (2005) and Singh et al. (2006).

                   The protein and oil percentage of summer groundnut as influenced by the pre emergence weedicide are presented in Table 3.  The use of fluchloralin @ 0.75, 1.50 and 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 significantly reduced the protein per cent (44.50, 44.47 and 44.63 per cent respectively) during 2002-03.  The pooled mean of protein per cent by the fluchloralin significantly reduced. The weedy check and control treatment were significantly superior for protein per cent in summer groundnut during 2002-03, 2003-04 and pooled mean. Similar observations were also found by Rathore (2001) and Ram et al. (2005). In general, the use of pre emergence weedicide in summer groundnut did not showed the consistent relationship on protein per cent.

                   The oil percentage in summer groundnut was significantly influenced by the pre emergence weedicide.  The pendimethalin application @ 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00 kg a.i. ha-1 significantly recorded the higher oil per cent during 2002-03 (29.75, 28.88 and 28.88 per cent respectively) and 2003-04 (30.63, 30.34 and 29.26 and 29.03 per cent respectively).  It was closely followed by fluchloralin and oxyfluorfen.  These results indicated that the weedicides reduced the oil per cent to smaller extent as compared to weedy checks.  This was might be because of yield variation. The production of higher yield reduced the concentration of oil content. Thus, the pre emergence weedicide did not influenced the oil per cent in summer groundnut.

Conclusion –

The pendimethalin application reduced the number of pegs and pod in summer groundnut. The fluchloralin pre emergence weedicide increased the pod yield significantly. The protein and oil content in summer groundnut were increased in weedy check. The use of fluchloralin as pre emergence weedicide in summer groundnut are beneficial for weed control, yield and quality of summer groundnut.

References –

Chauhan, Y.S., Bhargava, M.K. and Jain, V.K. 2005. Weed management in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Indian J. Agril. Sci. 50(2) : 149-151.

Dharam Singh, Dagar, J.C. and Gangarwar, B. 1992.  Infestation of weeds and their management in oilseed crops.  Agric. Rev. 13(3) : 165-175.

Kumar, A. and Tiwari, A.N. 2004. Efficacy of pre and post emergence herbicides in summer blackgram (Vigna murgo L.). Indian J. Weed Sci. 36(1 & 2) : 73-75.

Kushwaha, S.S. and Kushwaha, H.S. 2001. Influence of weed control methods on growth, yield and economics of rainfed soybean (Glycine max) at farmers field. Indian J. Agron. 46(3) : 511-515.

Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. 1967. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. I.A.R.I., New Delhi.

Pandey, A.K., Prakash, V., Singh, R.D. and Mani, V.P. 2001. Integrated weed management of maize (Zea mays). Indian J. Agron. 46(2) : 260-265.

Ram, B., Chaudhari, G.R. and Jat, A.S. 2005. Effect of weed management practices on yield, nutrient uptake and quality of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grown under different intercropping systems. Indian J. agric. Sci. 75(11) : 749-752

Rathore, V.S., Gautam, R.C. and Kaushik, S.K. 2001. Yield, quality and nutrient uptake by sunflower as influenced by weed and nutrient management. Am. Agric. Res. New. Series. 22(3) : 443-444.

Wanjari, R.H., Yaduraju, N.T. and Ahuja, K.N. 2001. Nutrient uptake by sunflower (Helianthus annus) and associated weeds during rainy season. Indian J. Agron. 46(3) : 541-546.

 

 

 

 

Table 1.    Effect of pre emergence weedicide on number of pod formation and number of peg formation in summer groundnut grown in inceptisol  soil

 

Sr.No.

Treatment

Number of peg

Number of pod

2002-2003

2003-2004

Pooled mean

2002-2003

2003-2004

Pooled mean

1.

Oxyfluorfen

0.5 kg a.i. ha-1

154.33

164.00

159.17

101.00

96.67

98.83

2.

Oxyfluorfen

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

156.33

167.67

162.00

104.67

148.00

126.33

3.

Oxyfluorfen

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

168.67

170.67

169.67

115.33

125.00

120.17

4.

Alachlor

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

132.67

136.67

134.67

95.67

103.33

99.50

5.

Alachlor

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

187.67

184.00

185.83

105.67

138.00

121.83

6.

Alachlor

4.0 kg a.i. ha-1

156.33

160.67

158.50

103.00

136.67

119.83

7.

Fluchloralin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

134.33

138.00

136.17

97.00

122.67

109.83

8.

Fluchloralin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

137.33

142.00

139.67

95.67

109.00

102.33

9.

Fluchloralin

3.0 kg a.i. ha-1

151.00

151.67

151.33

104.33

136.67

120.50

10.

Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

142.00

144.00

143.00

85.33

99.67

92.50

11.

Pendimethalin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

136.00

141.00

138.50

95.33

84.67

90.00

12.

Pendimethalin 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1

113.33

116.67

115.00

103.33

101.67

102.50

13.

Weedy check

103.67

107.33

105.50

86.67

82.00

84.33

14.

Control

128.00

122.00

125.00

99.33

94.33

96.83

 

S.E. ±

7.842

9.443

7.756

10.236

8.647

6.985

 

C.D. (5%)

21.161

27.432

23.692

29.736

25.122

19.758

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2.    Effect of pre emergence weedicide on pod and haulm yield in summer groundnut grown in inceptisol  soil

 

Sr.No.

Treatment

Pod yield (q ha-1)

Haulm yield (q ha-1)

2002-2003

2003-2004

Pooled mean

2002-2003

2003-2004

Pooled mean

1.

Oxyfluorfen

0.5 kg a.i. ha-1

19.15

20.09

19.62

45.31

48.25

46.78

2.

Oxyfluorfen

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

17.94

17.80

17.87

52.33

52.82

52.57

3.

Oxyfluorfen

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

17.78

17.80

17.79

51.00

53.66

52.33

4.

Alachlor

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

20.90

16.99

18.94

56.17

56.49

56.33

5.

Alachlor

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

16.18

20.15

18.17

59.86

63.12

61.49

6.

Alachlor

4.0 kg a.i. ha-1

18.49

18.66

18.57

55.47

53.99

54.73

7.

Fluchloralin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

19.72

18.63

19.18

53.70

61.89

57.80

8.

Fluchloralin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

21.35

17.82

19.59

59.19

59.46

59.32

9.

Fluchloralin

3.0 kg a.i. ha-1

18.19

18.34

18.27

46.80

43.83

45.32

10.

Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

17.88

14.50

16.19

42.18

51.33

46.76

11.

Pendimethalin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

13.99

14.16

14.08

47.00

52.76

49.88

12.

Pendimethalin 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1

14.58

17.94

16.26

47.44

54.39

50.92

13.

Weedy check

16.76

14.00

15.38

42.41

51.01

33.71

14.

Control

23.91

22.83

23.37

55.96

58.22

57.09

 

S.E. ±

1.364

0.449

1.189

2.538

3.242

4.442

 

C.D. (5%)

3.962

1.304

3.633

7.374

9.420

13.57

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3.    Effect of pre emergence weedicides on protein and oil content in summer groundnut in inceptisol  soil

 

Sr.No.

Treatment

Protein (%)

Oil content (%)

2002-2003

2003-2004

Pooled mean

2002-2003

2003-2004

Pooled mean

1.

Oxyfluorfen

0.5 kg a.i. ha-1

46.50

46.17

46.33

28.00

29.17

28.30

2.

Oxyfluorfen

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

47.17

47.03

47.10

28.29

29.02

28.48

3.

Oxyfluorfen

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

46.67

46.50

46.58

28.00

28.21

28.05

4.

Alachlor

1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

45.73

44.77

45.25

27.71

28.59

28.15

5.

Alachlor

2.0 kg a.i. ha-1

46.03

44.10

45.07

27.42

28.15

27.94

6.

Alachlor

4.0 kg a.i. ha-1

45.67

44.60

45.13

27.13

27.57

27.61

7.

Fluchloralin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

44.50

45.40

44.95

28.88

29.17

27.24

8.

Fluchloralin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

44.47

45.03

44.75

28.59

28.88

28.96

9.

Fluchloralin

3.0 kg a.i. ha-1

44.63

44.23

44.43

28.59

29.46

28.67

10.

Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1

46.80

46.60

46.70

29.75

30.63

29.98

11.

Pendimethalin 1.50 kg a.i. ha-1

46.73

46.50

46.62

28.88

30.34

29.26

12.

Pendimethalin 3.0 kg a.i.ha-1

47.70

47.40

47.55

28.88

29.46

29.03

13.

Weedy check

48.77

48.33

48.55

30.34

30.92

30.49

14.

Control

48.63

47.57

48.10

28.13

28.21

28.17

 

S.E. ±

0.238

0.404

0.420

0.265

0.444

0.227

 

C.D. (5%)

0.692

1.175

1.283

0.768

1.291

0.455